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<p>TiO<sub>2</sub>/CNT/GO heterostructure nanocomposite was synthesized by solvothermal method for the removal or degradation of methylene blue (MB). The physical and chemical characteristics were assessed by various characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the external and internal morphology of the heterostructure materials with irregular shapes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the internal structure was preserved after incorporating CNTs and GO into TiO<sub>2</sub>, and the average particle size distribution was determined using an SEM histogram with an average particle size of 85.5&#xa0;nm. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed to evaluate the elemental mapping of heterojunction confirm the presence of C, O, and Ti. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a crystalline nature and the size of as synthesized material was calculated as 17.08&#xa0;nm. UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis) was conducted to observe the optical behavior and light scattering phenomena of heterostructure materials. Various factors, such as different doses of heterostructure (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3&#xa0;g), dye concentration (10, 20, and 30&#xa0;ppm), irradiation time (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120&#xa0;min), were carried out at 25&#xa0;°C. The TiO<sub>2</sub>/CNT/GO heterostructure induced 91% methylene blue (MB) degradation in 120&#xa0;min with superior cycling stability after regeneration for four cycles. The optimal reaction conditions were adopted to obtain the highest degradation rate using 0.2&#xa0;g of the heterostructure, 30&#xa0;ppm&#xa0;MB concentration, 120&#xa0;min of light irradiation, and 25&#xa0;°C reaction temperature. The TiO<sub>2</sub>/CNT/GO photocatalyst exhibited enhanced kinetic performance, catalytic stability, structural reliability, and reactivity for 91% degradation efficiency of MB.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Structural and photocatalytic properties of TiO2/CNT/GO heterojunction materials towards the enhanced degradation of methylene blue dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月13日

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  • Parveen Akhter,
  • Aimon Saleem,
  • Ume-Laila,
  • Sundus Umer,
  • Murid Hussain,
  • Young-Kwon Park

摘要

TiO2/CNT/GO heterostructure nanocomposite was synthesized by solvothermal method for the removal or degradation of methylene blue (MB). The physical and chemical characteristics were assessed by various characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the external and internal morphology of the heterostructure materials with irregular shapes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the internal structure was preserved after incorporating CNTs and GO into TiO2, and the average particle size distribution was determined using an SEM histogram with an average particle size of 85.5 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed to evaluate the elemental mapping of heterojunction confirm the presence of C, O, and Ti. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a crystalline nature and the size of as synthesized material was calculated as 17.08 nm. UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis) was conducted to observe the optical behavior and light scattering phenomena of heterostructure materials. Various factors, such as different doses of heterostructure (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g), dye concentration (10, 20, and 30 ppm), irradiation time (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min), were carried out at 25 °C. The TiO2/CNT/GO heterostructure induced 91% methylene blue (MB) degradation in 120 min with superior cycling stability after regeneration for four cycles. The optimal reaction conditions were adopted to obtain the highest degradation rate using 0.2 g of the heterostructure, 30 ppm MB concentration, 120 min of light irradiation, and 25 °C reaction temperature. The TiO2/CNT/GO photocatalyst exhibited enhanced kinetic performance, catalytic stability, structural reliability, and reactivity for 91% degradation efficiency of MB.

Graphical Abstract