<p>The advent of graphene polymer nanocomposites has revolutionized various industries, including energy, medicine, and electronics, due to their exceptional mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. However, the increasing use of these nanocomposites has raised concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. In line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being), Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and Goal 13 (Climate Action), it is essential to investigate the potential risks associated with graphene polymer nanocomposites. One of the primary concerns surrounding graphene polymer nanocomposites is their potential toxicity. Studies have shown that graphene oxide, a common component of these nanocomposites, can cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in living cells. Moreover, the small size of these nanocomposites allows them to penetrate cellular membranes, potentially leading to bioaccumulation and long-term health effects. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct thorough toxicity assessments of graphene polymer nanocomposites to ensure their safe use. Our research questions focus on the impact of graphene-based materials on human health, environment, and their potential applications in energy, environment, and agriculture. The innovations of this study include the development of advanced materials and technologies to minimize environmental impact, promotion of circular economy models, and encouragement of responsible production and consumption. The research path involves a comprehensive review of existing literature, experimental analysis, and collaboration with stakeholders to drive innovation and ensure sustainable development. Our findings highlight the potential benefits and risks of graphene-based materials and provide insights into their safe and sustainable use. Major critical issues related to graphene polymer nanocomposites are their potential impact on the environment, water treatment and aquatic ecosystems as well as circular economy and sustainable development. Graphene polymer nanocomposites show cytotoxicity towards various bacterial species, raising concerns about environmental impact. Therefore, this paper elucidates adverse effects of graphene polymer nanocomposites and their safe and sustainable use towards addressing the potential risks associated with these nanocomposites, and promotion of the development of sustainable technologies that support human well-being and environmental protection, in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</p>