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<p>Tetracycline (TC), which is widely employed in agriculture, constitutes a serious source of environmental pollution. In this study, mechanical ball-milling (B) treated iron/manganese-nitrogen (Fe/Mn-N) doped hydrochars (Fe/Mn-BNHT) synthesized using saponin-containing seed meal (T) as a carbon source, showed excellent removal ability of tetracycline with a removal efficiency 95%. The Fe/Mn-BNHT showed superior performance in batch experiments with solution pH (3–9), coexisting ions, and after 5 cycles of application. Further analysis showed that Fe/Mn-BNHT mediated the degradation of adsorbed tetracycline with a degradation efficiency 87%. Surface complexation, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding facilitated the adsorption of tetracycline. ·OH induced by oxygen vacancy (O<sub>V</sub>) was identified as the main reactive oxidation species in tetracycline degradation. Fe(III)- tetracycline complexes gained electrons through graphitic N, leading to tetracycline degradation and Fe(III) reduction. The degradation pathways for tetracycline are shown through density functional theory calculation and intermediate identification, and the ecological toxicity risk of 10 degradation intermediates is evaluated. This research provides a new perspective on the development of environmentally friendly materials that can simultaneously adsorb and degrade pollutants.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Insights into the mechanism of mechanically treated Fe/Mn-N doped seed meal hydrochar for efficient adsorption and degradation of tetracycline

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月7日

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  • Xue Li,
  • Liangyu Li,
  • Zulin Zhang,
  • Yongfei Ma,
  • Richard Lee Smith Jr.,
  • Haixin Guo,
  • Ran Zhao,
  • Yiming Liu,
  • Fengxia Yang,
  • Yongzhen Ding

摘要

Tetracycline (TC), which is widely employed in agriculture, constitutes a serious source of environmental pollution. In this study, mechanical ball-milling (B) treated iron/manganese-nitrogen (Fe/Mn-N) doped hydrochars (Fe/Mn-BNHT) synthesized using saponin-containing seed meal (T) as a carbon source, showed excellent removal ability of tetracycline with a removal efficiency 95%. The Fe/Mn-BNHT showed superior performance in batch experiments with solution pH (3–9), coexisting ions, and after 5 cycles of application. Further analysis showed that Fe/Mn-BNHT mediated the degradation of adsorbed tetracycline with a degradation efficiency 87%. Surface complexation, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding facilitated the adsorption of tetracycline. ·OH induced by oxygen vacancy (OV) was identified as the main reactive oxidation species in tetracycline degradation. Fe(III)- tetracycline complexes gained electrons through graphitic N, leading to tetracycline degradation and Fe(III) reduction. The degradation pathways for tetracycline are shown through density functional theory calculation and intermediate identification, and the ecological toxicity risk of 10 degradation intermediates is evaluated. This research provides a new perspective on the development of environmentally friendly materials that can simultaneously adsorb and degrade pollutants.

Graphical Abstract