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<p>Salmonellosis linked to fish consumption is a significant public health concern. <i>Salmonella</i> often contaminates fish through polluted water or improper handling, with increasing antibiotic-resistant strains in aquaculture. This study evaluated the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-biofilm activities of the cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of <i>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</i> against normal and stressed <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium in seawater microcosms over four years. The CFCS exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 16.66% to 30% under acidic conditions, whereas stressed strains showed increased resistance, with MIC reaching up to 60% at neutral pH. Antioxidant activity reached 38% (DPPH assay), and CFCS significantly reduced biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion by up to 52% on the fish cell line (SAF-1). Additionally, <i>L. reuteri</i>&#xa0;CFCS modulated the expression of genes related to oxidative stress (<i>cat</i>, <i>sod</i>, <i>gr</i>) and immune response (<i>il1b</i>, <i>il6</i>, <i>il8</i>). These findings highlight the potential of <i>L. reuteri</i> CFCS as a natural antimicrobial and anti-virulence agent in marine aquaculture, helping to address antibiotic resistance issues.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Impact of Limosilactobacillus reuteri cell-free culture supernatant on stress-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in seawater: antioxidant, anti-infective, and anti-adhesion effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月12日

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  • Ibtissem Chakroun,
  • Kais Fedhila,
  • Cristóbal Espinosa-Ruiz,
  • Maria Angeles Esteban,
  • Abdelkarim Mahdhi

摘要

Salmonellosis linked to fish consumption is a significant public health concern. Salmonella often contaminates fish through polluted water or improper handling, with increasing antibiotic-resistant strains in aquaculture. This study evaluated the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-biofilm activities of the cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of Limosilactobacillus reuteri against normal and stressed Salmonella Typhimurium in seawater microcosms over four years. The CFCS exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 16.66% to 30% under acidic conditions, whereas stressed strains showed increased resistance, with MIC reaching up to 60% at neutral pH. Antioxidant activity reached 38% (DPPH assay), and CFCS significantly reduced biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion by up to 52% on the fish cell line (SAF-1). Additionally, L. reuteri CFCS modulated the expression of genes related to oxidative stress (cat, sod, gr) and immune response (il1b, il6, il8). These findings highlight the potential of L. reuteri CFCS as a natural antimicrobial and anti-virulence agent in marine aquaculture, helping to address antibiotic resistance issues.

Graphical abstract