The efficacy of egg albumin nanoparticles adjuvanted Clostridium perfringens type D toxoid vaccine in rabbits

Epsilon toxin (ETX) is an exotoxin produced by Clostridium perfringens type D that induces enterotoxaemia or necrotic intestinal infection in small ruminants and bovine. Immunization is an essential element in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. In recent literature, nanocarriers have exhibited the capacity to deliver protection, stability, and regulated distribution properties to protein-based antigens. Furthermore, egg albumin is a highly adaptable protein nanocarrier in vaccine delivery systems due to its biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-immune-modulating properties. In this study, we assessed the efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, and dose-effect relationships of the nanoparticle-advanced toxoid vaccine (G1) in contrast to the commercially available vaccine (ETV) (G2). Two different vaccines (1 ml) were inoculated in experimental animals (rabbits) on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The geometric mean titers (GMT) of Groups 2 and 3 were recorded on the respective day of inoculation. The findings reveal that the GMT of group 2 was significantly higher than group 3. The use of nanoparticles to detain toxins demonstrated enhanced immune protection against the harmful effects caused by the toxins. This work is anticipated to explore new opportunities in developing improved vaccinations using nanoparticles to combat the pathogenicity/ virulence factors that present potential risks to livestock.