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<p>To reutilize corrosion inhibitor wastewater in various industries for microalgae cultivation, the toxic effects of benzotriazole (BTA), a common and refractory pollutant, on photosynthesis and metabolic pathways of <i>Chlorella pyrenoidosa</i> (<i>C. pyrenoidosa</i>) were first investigated. When the BTA concentration increased from 0 to 400&#xa0;mg/L, <i>C. pyrenoidosa</i> cells became more wrinkled and broken. This structural damage led to an increase in cell fractal dimensions, a higher ratio of cell fragments, and elevated levels of humic-like substances in soluble extracellular polymeric substances. Due to the toxicity of BTA, both superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased substantially, indicating severe lipid peroxidation. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, proteomic analysis was employed, revealing that BTA significantly downregulated key components like the D1 protein and photosynthetic antenna pathways. Consequently, when exposed to higher BTA concentrations (≥300&#xa0;mg/L), the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic oxygen release rates markedly decreased. Furthermore, the synthesis of pigments was severely inhibited at these concentrations, resulting in a drastic reduction in overall microalgal biomass production. Instead, upregulated DNA replication and sulfur assimilation indicated the activation of cellular tolerance mechanisms under moderate stress. However, exposure to 100&#xa0;mg/L BTA exhibited lower toxicity toward chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment synthesis, leading to a marginal decrease in biomass production rather than severe inhibition. Therefore, wastewater containing low concentrations of BTA can be effectively utilized for practical microalgae cultivation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Toxic effects of benzotriazole (BTA) in corrosion inhibitor wastewater on photosynthesis and metabolic pathways of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Dongwei Jia,
  • Jun Cheng,
  • Junchen Xu,
  • Shiwei Qin,
  • Xiangbo Zou,
  • Mumin Rao,
  • Ying Liu,
  • Wanlin Liu,
  • Ruhan Guo

摘要

To reutilize corrosion inhibitor wastewater in various industries for microalgae cultivation, the toxic effects of benzotriazole (BTA), a common and refractory pollutant, on photosynthesis and metabolic pathways of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) were first investigated. When the BTA concentration increased from 0 to 400 mg/L, C. pyrenoidosa cells became more wrinkled and broken. This structural damage led to an increase in cell fractal dimensions, a higher ratio of cell fragments, and elevated levels of humic-like substances in soluble extracellular polymeric substances. Due to the toxicity of BTA, both superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased substantially, indicating severe lipid peroxidation. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, proteomic analysis was employed, revealing that BTA significantly downregulated key components like the D1 protein and photosynthetic antenna pathways. Consequently, when exposed to higher BTA concentrations (≥300 mg/L), the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic oxygen release rates markedly decreased. Furthermore, the synthesis of pigments was severely inhibited at these concentrations, resulting in a drastic reduction in overall microalgal biomass production. Instead, upregulated DNA replication and sulfur assimilation indicated the activation of cellular tolerance mechanisms under moderate stress. However, exposure to 100 mg/L BTA exhibited lower toxicity toward chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment synthesis, leading to a marginal decrease in biomass production rather than severe inhibition. Therefore, wastewater containing low concentrations of BTA can be effectively utilized for practical microalgae cultivation.

Graphical abstract