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<p>The transition towards low-carbon waste utilisation is crucial for mitigating environmental pollution and promoting sustainable energy solutions. One promising approach is the valorisation of waste frying oils (WFOs) for biodiesel production, which offers the dual benefits of waste reduction and renewable energy generation. Despite progress in biodiesel technologies, conventional transesterification often overlooks the potential of hybridised feedstocks and lacks systematic optimisation approaches. The absence of studies that integrate hybrid WFOs with robust statistical models limits process efficiency and fuel quality improvements. This synergy is key to boosting biodiesel yield, utilising underused biomass, and enabling scalable green fuel production. This study focuses on the base-catalysed transesterification of hybrid WFO (50% sunflower oil and 50% corn oil) by employing response surface methodology (RSM) to optimise process parameters. This combined approach has not been previously reported and offers a scalable pathway for sustainable biodiesel production. Optimisation was performed on the methanol-to-oil ratio, the catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time. The optimised conditions based on the experimental design included a methanol-to-oil ratio of 12.0:1, a reaction time of 71&#xa0;min, a reaction temperature of 55&#xa0;°C and 0.50% (mass fraction) catalyst loading, resulting in a biodiesel yield of 98.50%. The model also validated an approximately 98.80% biodiesel yield. In this work, the biodiesel properties met the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, ensuring compatibility with industry requirements. This study highlights the role of waste-derived feedstocks in fostering sustainable energy utilisation while reducing environmental burdens associated with waste disposal. The findings support the integration of optimised biodiesel production processes into waste management strategies, contributing to cleaner energy solutions and advancing the circular economy.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Utilisation of hybrid waste frying oil via optimised base-catalysed transesterification process for maximum biodiesel production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月2日

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  • Wardah Senusi,
  • Mohammad Aliff Shakir,
  • H. P. S. Abdul Khalil,
  • Mardiana Idayu Ahmad

摘要

The transition towards low-carbon waste utilisation is crucial for mitigating environmental pollution and promoting sustainable energy solutions. One promising approach is the valorisation of waste frying oils (WFOs) for biodiesel production, which offers the dual benefits of waste reduction and renewable energy generation. Despite progress in biodiesel technologies, conventional transesterification often overlooks the potential of hybridised feedstocks and lacks systematic optimisation approaches. The absence of studies that integrate hybrid WFOs with robust statistical models limits process efficiency and fuel quality improvements. This synergy is key to boosting biodiesel yield, utilising underused biomass, and enabling scalable green fuel production. This study focuses on the base-catalysed transesterification of hybrid WFO (50% sunflower oil and 50% corn oil) by employing response surface methodology (RSM) to optimise process parameters. This combined approach has not been previously reported and offers a scalable pathway for sustainable biodiesel production. Optimisation was performed on the methanol-to-oil ratio, the catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time. The optimised conditions based on the experimental design included a methanol-to-oil ratio of 12.0:1, a reaction time of 71 min, a reaction temperature of 55 °C and 0.50% (mass fraction) catalyst loading, resulting in a biodiesel yield of 98.50%. The model also validated an approximately 98.80% biodiesel yield. In this work, the biodiesel properties met the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, ensuring compatibility with industry requirements. This study highlights the role of waste-derived feedstocks in fostering sustainable energy utilisation while reducing environmental burdens associated with waste disposal. The findings support the integration of optimised biodiesel production processes into waste management strategies, contributing to cleaner energy solutions and advancing the circular economy.

Graphical Abstract