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<p>Green synthesis methods have garnered significant attention as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical approaches, which often involve hazardous substances. In this study, macadamia nut shell extract was used as a natural stabilizing and capping agent for the sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs). The natural compounds present in the macadamia nut shell extract facilitate the formation of these NPs. The synthesized ZnO and CuO NPs were confirmed by various types of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the ZnO NPs exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure, whereas the CuO NPs displayed a face-centered cubic lattice structure. The green-synthesized NPs demonstrated excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the photocatalytic efficiency of the NPs was assessed by examining the degradation of tetracycline, with ZnO demonstrating superior performance to CuO. The antimicrobial activities of the ZnO and CuO NPs were tested against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (strain 902), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (strain 443), <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i>, and promising results were obtained. Furthermore, both ZnO and CuO NPs exhibited synergistic effects when combined with antibiotics. The newly developed green-synthesized ZnO and CuO NPs are simple, cost effective, environmentally friendly, and utilized for various applications, including food packaging, biosensors, and catalysis in pharmaceutical reactions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Green synthesis of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles using macadamia nut shell extracts: photocatalytic and antibacterial activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月18日

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  • Yodchai Tangjaideborisu,
  • Prema Yugala,
  • Choowin Phanawansombat,
  • Paramasivam Shanmugam,
  • Supakorn Boonyuen,
  • Pariya Na Nakorn

摘要

Green synthesis methods have garnered significant attention as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical approaches, which often involve hazardous substances. In this study, macadamia nut shell extract was used as a natural stabilizing and capping agent for the sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs). The natural compounds present in the macadamia nut shell extract facilitate the formation of these NPs. The synthesized ZnO and CuO NPs were confirmed by various types of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the ZnO NPs exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure, whereas the CuO NPs displayed a face-centered cubic lattice structure. The green-synthesized NPs demonstrated excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the photocatalytic efficiency of the NPs was assessed by examining the degradation of tetracycline, with ZnO demonstrating superior performance to CuO. The antimicrobial activities of the ZnO and CuO NPs were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (strain 902), Escherichia coli (strain 443), Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans, and promising results were obtained. Furthermore, both ZnO and CuO NPs exhibited synergistic effects when combined with antibiotics. The newly developed green-synthesized ZnO and CuO NPs are simple, cost effective, environmentally friendly, and utilized for various applications, including food packaging, biosensors, and catalysis in pharmaceutical reactions.

Graphical abstract