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<p>In this paper we describe issues concerning the creation, use, and interpretation of facial stimuli. Our perspective is informed by the neuropsychology underlying the universe of messages that faces can signal and the specific configurations of those signals. In particular, we discuss three issues regarding facial stimuli – the messages intended in the stimuli, the ecological validity of the signals of those messages, and the signal clarity of the faces. We also discuss questions concerning posed vs. acted vs. spontaneous stimuli and still vs. dynamic stimuli, and two considerations of how stimuli are used in studies. The goal of this paper is not to criticize previous approaches but to provide guidelines and provoke discussion for future facial stimuli creation and use.</p>

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What’s in a Facial Stimulus?

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月9日

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  • David Matsumoto,
  • Matthew Wilson

摘要

In this paper we describe issues concerning the creation, use, and interpretation of facial stimuli. Our perspective is informed by the neuropsychology underlying the universe of messages that faces can signal and the specific configurations of those signals. In particular, we discuss three issues regarding facial stimuli – the messages intended in the stimuli, the ecological validity of the signals of those messages, and the signal clarity of the faces. We also discuss questions concerning posed vs. acted vs. spontaneous stimuli and still vs. dynamic stimuli, and two considerations of how stimuli are used in studies. The goal of this paper is not to criticize previous approaches but to provide guidelines and provoke discussion for future facial stimuli creation and use.