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<p>Erratic rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures have induced climate-driven water scarcity, that adversely affects agricultural productivity worldwide. Optimizing drip irrigation in conjunction with mulching has become an effective framework to optimize the water use efficiency (WUE) and improve overall crop performance. The study evaluated different levels of drip irrigation based on crop-evapotranspiration (ETc) along with inorganic and organic mulches and their impact on crop growth, yield, soil macronutrients, nutrient uptake, WUE and economic returns of pea.&#xa0;Field experiments were conducted in Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India during 2022–2023 and 2023–2024. Treatments included drip irrigation at 100%, 80% and 60% ETc, each in combination with different mulching materials (black polyethylene, weed mulch mat, pine needle) and were compared with surface irrigation using mixed mulch (pine needle + grass, farmer’s practice) and a control (surface irrigation + no mulch).&#xa0;The treatment I<sub>2</sub>M<sub>1</sub> (80% ETc + black polyethylene mulch), significantly improved plant height, branching, pods per plant, protein content, nodule biomass, shelling percentage, green pod yield (16.26 Mg ha<sup>− 1</sup>) and reduced days to 50% flowering. This combination enhanced soil macronutrient availability, leaf NPK content and nutrient uptake. Maximum water savings (68.04%) were recorded under I<sub>3</sub>M<sub>1</sub> (60% ETc + black polyethylene mulch), while the highest WUE (0.80 Mg ha<sup>−</sup>¹ cm<sup>−</sup>¹) and IWUE (0.88 Mg ha<sup>−</sup>¹ cm<sup>−</sup>¹) were observed under treatment I<sub>2</sub>M<sub>1</sub>. The benefit-cost ratio (3.06) was highest under I<sub>2</sub>M<sub>3</sub> (80% ETc + pine needle mulch).&#xa0;Drip irrigation at 80% ETc with black polyethylene (I<sub>2</sub>M<sub>1</sub>) maximized agronomic yield and nutrient uptake while reducing irrigation to 60% ETc (I<sub>3</sub>M<sub>1</sub>) optimized strict water conservation and organic pine needle mulch (I<sub>2</sub>M<sub>3</sub>) delivered the highest economic profitability. This structural trade-off underscores that while mulched drip irrigation consistently improves pea climate-resilience, local recommendations must align directly with specific production priorities.</p>

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Evaluation of Mulched Drip Irrigation on Maximizing Yield, Soil fertility, Water Use Efficiency and Economic Feasibility of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Raahat Thakur,
  • Ghanshyam Agrawal,
  • Shradha Chauhan,
  • Pardeep Kumar,
  • Anjali Chauhan

摘要

Erratic rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures have induced climate-driven water scarcity, that adversely affects agricultural productivity worldwide. Optimizing drip irrigation in conjunction with mulching has become an effective framework to optimize the water use efficiency (WUE) and improve overall crop performance. The study evaluated different levels of drip irrigation based on crop-evapotranspiration (ETc) along with inorganic and organic mulches and their impact on crop growth, yield, soil macronutrients, nutrient uptake, WUE and economic returns of pea. Field experiments were conducted in Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India during 2022–2023 and 2023–2024. Treatments included drip irrigation at 100%, 80% and 60% ETc, each in combination with different mulching materials (black polyethylene, weed mulch mat, pine needle) and were compared with surface irrigation using mixed mulch (pine needle + grass, farmer’s practice) and a control (surface irrigation + no mulch). The treatment I2M1 (80% ETc + black polyethylene mulch), significantly improved plant height, branching, pods per plant, protein content, nodule biomass, shelling percentage, green pod yield (16.26 Mg ha− 1) and reduced days to 50% flowering. This combination enhanced soil macronutrient availability, leaf NPK content and nutrient uptake. Maximum water savings (68.04%) were recorded under I3M1 (60% ETc + black polyethylene mulch), while the highest WUE (0.80 Mg ha−¹ cm−¹) and IWUE (0.88 Mg ha−¹ cm−¹) were observed under treatment I2M1. The benefit-cost ratio (3.06) was highest under I2M3 (80% ETc + pine needle mulch). Drip irrigation at 80% ETc with black polyethylene (I2M1) maximized agronomic yield and nutrient uptake while reducing irrigation to 60% ETc (I3M1) optimized strict water conservation and organic pine needle mulch (I2M3) delivered the highest economic profitability. This structural trade-off underscores that while mulched drip irrigation consistently improves pea climate-resilience, local recommendations must align directly with specific production priorities.