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<p>Purpose: Excessive lead (Pb) uptake negatively affects plant growth and development. Evaluating the inhibitory dose is necessary for developing effective mitigation strategies. Tartaric acid (TA) application may improve Pb tolerance in plants; however, information about its potential to enhance chickpea tolerance is still lacking. The present study evaluated ideal Pb doses (50% and 75% growth reduction) and the application of TA to improve Pb tolerance by enhancing morphophysiological, biochemical, and gene expression responses. Methods: The experiment was conducted using a CRD factorial design with three replications. Factor 1 consisted of Pb doses (0 mM, 270 mM, and 390 mM), and Factor 2 consisted of TA doses (0 mM, 75 mM, and 150 mM). Results: Pb at 270 mM and 390 mM reduced seedling growth by 50% and 75%, respectively. Among the TA doses, 150 mM TA showed the best response, reducing plant Pb uptake by 40.67% and 44.98% under Pb270 and Pb390, respectively, compared with non-TA Pb-stressed conditions. The number of seeds per pod and pods per plant increased by 50.00% and 31.72% under Pb270, and by 61.39% and 45.30% under Pb390, compared with non-TA-treated stressed plants. Total chlorophyll content also improved by 56.48% under Pb270 and 59.12% under Pb390. Tartaric acid at 150 mM significantly reduced oxidative stress markers, including MDA (54.47% and 56.19%), O₂⁻ (55.63% and 62.32%), H₂O₂ (59.91% and 56.80%), and EL (28.54% and 35.97%) under Pb270 and Pb390, respectively, over non-TA-treated stressed plants. In addition, TA150 enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (ranging from 27% to 40% and 21% to 53%) as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants (ranging from 30% to 35%) under Pb270 and Pb390, respectively, compared with Pb stress alone. TA150 also modulated the expression of MDA, H₂O₂, SOD, and CAT-related genes under stressful conditions. Conclusions: Collectively, TA application increased Pb tolerance in chickpea by modulating physiological, biochemical, and gene expression responses.</p>

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Soil Applied Tartaric Acid Mitigates Lead-Induced Toxicity in Chickpea By Modulating Morphophysiological, Biochemical and Genetic Responses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Farwa Tariq,
  • Muhammad Javed,
  • Muhammad Yaqoob,
  • Habib Ali,
  • Muhammad Khubaib Ijaz,
  • Muydin M. Muminov,
  • Muhayyo O. Buranova,
  • Hossam S. El-Beltagi,
  • Sadam Hussain

摘要

Purpose: Excessive lead (Pb) uptake negatively affects plant growth and development. Evaluating the inhibitory dose is necessary for developing effective mitigation strategies. Tartaric acid (TA) application may improve Pb tolerance in plants; however, information about its potential to enhance chickpea tolerance is still lacking. The present study evaluated ideal Pb doses (50% and 75% growth reduction) and the application of TA to improve Pb tolerance by enhancing morphophysiological, biochemical, and gene expression responses. Methods: The experiment was conducted using a CRD factorial design with three replications. Factor 1 consisted of Pb doses (0 mM, 270 mM, and 390 mM), and Factor 2 consisted of TA doses (0 mM, 75 mM, and 150 mM). Results: Pb at 270 mM and 390 mM reduced seedling growth by 50% and 75%, respectively. Among the TA doses, 150 mM TA showed the best response, reducing plant Pb uptake by 40.67% and 44.98% under Pb270 and Pb390, respectively, compared with non-TA Pb-stressed conditions. The number of seeds per pod and pods per plant increased by 50.00% and 31.72% under Pb270, and by 61.39% and 45.30% under Pb390, compared with non-TA-treated stressed plants. Total chlorophyll content also improved by 56.48% under Pb270 and 59.12% under Pb390. Tartaric acid at 150 mM significantly reduced oxidative stress markers, including MDA (54.47% and 56.19%), O₂⁻ (55.63% and 62.32%), H₂O₂ (59.91% and 56.80%), and EL (28.54% and 35.97%) under Pb270 and Pb390, respectively, over non-TA-treated stressed plants. In addition, TA150 enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (ranging from 27% to 40% and 21% to 53%) as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants (ranging from 30% to 35%) under Pb270 and Pb390, respectively, compared with Pb stress alone. TA150 also modulated the expression of MDA, H₂O₂, SOD, and CAT-related genes under stressful conditions. Conclusions: Collectively, TA application increased Pb tolerance in chickpea by modulating physiological, biochemical, and gene expression responses.