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<p>Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential macronutrients that support optimal plant growth and physiological function, and their deficiencies trigger substantial morpho-physiological and biochemical disturbances. Although stomatal movement is a key regulatory mechanism in plant stress responses, the specific impacts of N or P deficiency on stomatal movement, leaf thermoregulation, and associated stress metabolism remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated how N and P deficiencies influence stomatal closure or opening, and how these changes interact with leaf temperature, pigment degradation, oxidative stress, and proline and protein metabolism in rice. Rice seedlings were grown hydroponically under N- and P-deficient conditions. Both deficiencies significantly reduced shoot length, shoot and root fresh weight, and chlorophyll content, while increasing leaf temperature by 8.2% and 12.8%, respectively. Stomatal assessments showed pronounced closure, with aperture size decreasing by 28.4% under N deficiency and 36.2% under P deficiency, alongside reductions in stomatal length (5.8% and 11.2%) and width (18.8% and 15.7%), respectively. Strong positive correlations between stomatal aperture and stomatal length (<i>R</i> = 0.95) and width (<i>R</i> = 0.94) suggest coordinated regulation among stomatal traits. N and P deficiencies also differentially altered protein metabolism and markedly reduced proline accumulation. Elevated levels of oxidative stress markers (H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde) confirmed enhanced oxidative damage under nutrient stress. Overall, N and P deficiency degrade photosynthetic pigments, raise leaf temperature, disrupt stress-related metabolism, and drive coordinated stomatal closure, ultimately impairing rice seedling growth. These findings provide integrative physiological insight into how nutrient limitations shapes stomatal dynamics and thermal regulation in rice.</p>

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficiency Coordinate Stomatal Closure and Disrupt Leaf Thermoregulation and Stress Metabolism in Rice Seedlings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Mohammad Saidur Rhaman,
  • Md. Asadulla Al Galib,
  • Faruk Hossain Khan,
  • Bir Jahangir Shirazy,
  • Yanjie Xie,
  • Muhammad Farooq,
  • Marian Brestic,
  • Yoshiyuki Murata

摘要

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential macronutrients that support optimal plant growth and physiological function, and their deficiencies trigger substantial morpho-physiological and biochemical disturbances. Although stomatal movement is a key regulatory mechanism in plant stress responses, the specific impacts of N or P deficiency on stomatal movement, leaf thermoregulation, and associated stress metabolism remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated how N and P deficiencies influence stomatal closure or opening, and how these changes interact with leaf temperature, pigment degradation, oxidative stress, and proline and protein metabolism in rice. Rice seedlings were grown hydroponically under N- and P-deficient conditions. Both deficiencies significantly reduced shoot length, shoot and root fresh weight, and chlorophyll content, while increasing leaf temperature by 8.2% and 12.8%, respectively. Stomatal assessments showed pronounced closure, with aperture size decreasing by 28.4% under N deficiency and 36.2% under P deficiency, alongside reductions in stomatal length (5.8% and 11.2%) and width (18.8% and 15.7%), respectively. Strong positive correlations between stomatal aperture and stomatal length (R = 0.95) and width (R = 0.94) suggest coordinated regulation among stomatal traits. N and P deficiencies also differentially altered protein metabolism and markedly reduced proline accumulation. Elevated levels of oxidative stress markers (H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde) confirmed enhanced oxidative damage under nutrient stress. Overall, N and P deficiency degrade photosynthetic pigments, raise leaf temperature, disrupt stress-related metabolism, and drive coordinated stomatal closure, ultimately impairing rice seedling growth. These findings provide integrative physiological insight into how nutrient limitations shapes stomatal dynamics and thermal regulation in rice.