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<p>The reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) combined with organic soil amendments represents a sustainable strategy to enhance crop performance under water-scarce conditions. This study investigated the effects of compost (C), biochar (B), and their combination (C/B) on the morphophysiological and photosynthetic responses of barley irrigated with TWW. Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) plants were grown under four treatments: TWW alone, TWW with biochar (TWW/B), TWW with compost (TWW/C), and TWW with compost–biochar mix (TWW/C/B). Morphophysiological traits, leaf water content, pigment levels, and PSII/PSI photochemical parameters were measured at the vegetative stage. Compost markedly improved plant performance, leading to greener leaves, more tillers, and higher biomass. TWW/C and TWW/C/B significantly increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content, with chlorophyll a reaching 25 mg g⁻¹ FW under TWW/C. Photosystem activity improved consistently: Fv/Fm increased from 0.73 (TWW) to 0.81–0.83 under compost-based treatments, accompanied by higher qL and qP and reduced qN. PSI parameters (P700⁺ and P700m) were also highest in compost-amended soils, indicating enhanced redox regulation. Biochar alone had only minor effects. Compost, alone or combined with biochar, substantially enhances growth, water retention, and photosynthetic efficiency of barley irrigated with TWW. These results highlight compost-based amendments as an effective strategy to improve crop productivity and system sustainability under reclaimed-water irrigation in arid environments.</p>

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Combined Effects of Soil Amendments and Treated Wastewater Irrigation on Morphophysiological and Photosynthetic Responses of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月1日

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  • Rim Jouini,
  • Walid Zorrig,
  • Souhir Abdelkrim,
  • Mariem Ben Chikha,
  • Imene Rajhi,
  • Samiha Mejri,
  • Moez Jebara,
  • Ghassen Abid,
  • Rim Nefissi Ouertani

摘要

The reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) combined with organic soil amendments represents a sustainable strategy to enhance crop performance under water-scarce conditions. This study investigated the effects of compost (C), biochar (B), and their combination (C/B) on the morphophysiological and photosynthetic responses of barley irrigated with TWW. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants were grown under four treatments: TWW alone, TWW with biochar (TWW/B), TWW with compost (TWW/C), and TWW with compost–biochar mix (TWW/C/B). Morphophysiological traits, leaf water content, pigment levels, and PSII/PSI photochemical parameters were measured at the vegetative stage. Compost markedly improved plant performance, leading to greener leaves, more tillers, and higher biomass. TWW/C and TWW/C/B significantly increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content, with chlorophyll a reaching 25 mg g⁻¹ FW under TWW/C. Photosystem activity improved consistently: Fv/Fm increased from 0.73 (TWW) to 0.81–0.83 under compost-based treatments, accompanied by higher qL and qP and reduced qN. PSI parameters (P700⁺ and P700m) were also highest in compost-amended soils, indicating enhanced redox regulation. Biochar alone had only minor effects. Compost, alone or combined with biochar, substantially enhances growth, water retention, and photosynthetic efficiency of barley irrigated with TWW. These results highlight compost-based amendments as an effective strategy to improve crop productivity and system sustainability under reclaimed-water irrigation in arid environments.