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<p>This study evaluates a modified Bokashi fermentation system utilizing a specific microbial consortium (<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>,<i> Lactococcus lactis</i>, and <i>Rhodopseudomonas palustris</i>) to bio-transform <i>Dimocarpus longan</i> (longan) fruit peels and seeds into bio-fertilizer.&#xa0;The fermentation stability was assessed via total organic matter (OM) and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios. The resulting bio-compost teas, Longan Peel (LP), Longan Seed (LS), and a 1:1 mixture (LP: LS), were applied at 1% (w/v) to <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> (fenugreek) in a pot experiment. The 15-day-old seedlings were collected for analysis.&#xa0;All fermented treatments significantly enriched soil nutrients and optimized the C/N ratio compared to the control. The LS treatment yielded the highest nutrient concentrations, while the LP: LS treatment resulted in the highest microbial activity, specifically increasing fungal counts (e.g., <i>Aspergillus</i>,<i> Cladosporium</i>, and <i>Penicillium</i> spp.) and bacterial/actinomycete populations. Physiologically, LP: LS-treated fenugreek exhibited the highest increases in chlorophyll pigments, carbohydrates, protein content, and secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids contents). Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis confirmed the up-regulation of key biosynthetic genes, including <i>MVK</i>,<i> PAL</i>, and <i>FLS</i> (polyphenolic/terpenoid pathways) and <i>CHLH</i> (chlorophyll biosynthesis). Oxidative stress, measured via malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, remained within control ranges, indicating no phytotoxicity.&#xa0;These data demonstrate that the <i>S. cerevisiae</i>, L. <i>lactis</i>, and <i>R. palustris</i> Bokashi system effectively stabilizes longan waste into a nutrient-rich bio-fertilizer. The up-regulation of metabolic genes and improved soil microbial profiles provide a technical basis for using this waste-to-resource strategy as a measurable alternative to synthetic chemical inputs in sustainable agriculture.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Microbial-Enhanced Peel and Seed Wastes of Dimocarpus longan Bokashi Fertilizers: Unlocking Soil Health and Bioactive Constituents in Trigonella foenum-graecum

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月5日

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  • Esraa E. Ammar,
  • Mai A. El-Esawy,
  • Xiaobo Zou,
  • Soumya Ghosh,
  • Helen Onyeaka,
  • Doaa E. Elsherif

摘要

This study evaluates a modified Bokashi fermentation system utilizing a specific microbial consortium (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactococcus lactis, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris) to bio-transform Dimocarpus longan (longan) fruit peels and seeds into bio-fertilizer. The fermentation stability was assessed via total organic matter (OM) and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios. The resulting bio-compost teas, Longan Peel (LP), Longan Seed (LS), and a 1:1 mixture (LP: LS), were applied at 1% (w/v) to Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) in a pot experiment. The 15-day-old seedlings were collected for analysis. All fermented treatments significantly enriched soil nutrients and optimized the C/N ratio compared to the control. The LS treatment yielded the highest nutrient concentrations, while the LP: LS treatment resulted in the highest microbial activity, specifically increasing fungal counts (e.g., Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium spp.) and bacterial/actinomycete populations. Physiologically, LP: LS-treated fenugreek exhibited the highest increases in chlorophyll pigments, carbohydrates, protein content, and secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids contents). Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis confirmed the up-regulation of key biosynthetic genes, including MVK, PAL, and FLS (polyphenolic/terpenoid pathways) and CHLH (chlorophyll biosynthesis). Oxidative stress, measured via malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, remained within control ranges, indicating no phytotoxicity. These data demonstrate that the S. cerevisiae, L. lactis, and R. palustris Bokashi system effectively stabilizes longan waste into a nutrient-rich bio-fertilizer. The up-regulation of metabolic genes and improved soil microbial profiles provide a technical basis for using this waste-to-resource strategy as a measurable alternative to synthetic chemical inputs in sustainable agriculture.

Graphical Abstract