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<p>Biochar, obtained from pyrolyzed organic waste, improves soil fertility, but low-temperature biochars degrade faster. This study examined clay amendments to enhance the stability of date palm leaf biochar pyrolyzed at 450&#xa0;°C through soil incubation. We hypothesized that clay co-amendments particularly allophane can improve short-term stability of low-temperature biochar. Biochar decomposition was assessed through cumulative microbial respiration. Microbial enumeration and 16&#xa0;S rRNA diversity were also assayed. Locally sourced clays flocculated with Fe, Ca, Mg, and HCl were tested as sustainable alternatives to synthetic clays. Homogeneous biochar–clay mixtures (0–0.512% by mass) were prepared and added to soil at 2.5% by weight. Clay addition reduced respiration rates, stabilizing biochar to levels near unamended soils. At the highest dose, ferrihydrite was most effective, yielding the lowest cumulative respiration compared to allophane and local clays. 16&#xa0;S rRNA sequencing revealed higher Shannon diversity and lower dominance of specific taxa in control soils compared to biochar-alone and biochar–clay treatments, which reduced <i>Archaea</i> and increased <i>Bacillota</i>. The lower performance of local 2:1 clays suggests that low-temperature biochars may require pretreatment before use in arid soils. Ferrihydrite also reduced biochar alkalinity, minimizing undesired soil alkalinization. This approach may decrease production costs and support sustainable land reclamation. This study highlights key opportunities across waste valorization and carbon stabilization in arid climates.</p>

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Biochar-Carbon Stability is Improved By Synthetic Allophane and Ferrihydrite Colloidal Clay Additives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Arwa Al-Hadhrami,
  • Daniel Blackburn,
  • Malik Al-Wardy,
  • Rhonda Janke,
  • Said Al-Ismaily

摘要

Biochar, obtained from pyrolyzed organic waste, improves soil fertility, but low-temperature biochars degrade faster. This study examined clay amendments to enhance the stability of date palm leaf biochar pyrolyzed at 450 °C through soil incubation. We hypothesized that clay co-amendments particularly allophane can improve short-term stability of low-temperature biochar. Biochar decomposition was assessed through cumulative microbial respiration. Microbial enumeration and 16 S rRNA diversity were also assayed. Locally sourced clays flocculated with Fe, Ca, Mg, and HCl were tested as sustainable alternatives to synthetic clays. Homogeneous biochar–clay mixtures (0–0.512% by mass) were prepared and added to soil at 2.5% by weight. Clay addition reduced respiration rates, stabilizing biochar to levels near unamended soils. At the highest dose, ferrihydrite was most effective, yielding the lowest cumulative respiration compared to allophane and local clays. 16 S rRNA sequencing revealed higher Shannon diversity and lower dominance of specific taxa in control soils compared to biochar-alone and biochar–clay treatments, which reduced Archaea and increased Bacillota. The lower performance of local 2:1 clays suggests that low-temperature biochars may require pretreatment before use in arid soils. Ferrihydrite also reduced biochar alkalinity, minimizing undesired soil alkalinization. This approach may decrease production costs and support sustainable land reclamation. This study highlights key opportunities across waste valorization and carbon stabilization in arid climates.