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<p>Soil microorganisms are critical in regulating carbon and nitrogen cycling in grasslands. Yet, their community assembly mechanisms and response patterns along precipitation gradients remain unclear in arid and semi-arid grasslands. This study explored soil microbial community characteristics and assembly processes across four grassland types along a precipitation gradient. We used Illumina high-throughput sequencing to examine soil microbial community structure, and explore network interactions and assembly mechanisms in different grasslands in Ningxia, China. <i>Actinobacteriota</i> and <i>Ascomycota</i> were the dominant bacterial and fungal phyla. Bacterial alpha diversity peaked in desert steppe, while fungal alpha diversity showed no significant differences. With declining precipitation, bacterial networks became more modular and disturbance-resistant, whereas fungal networks displayed tighter connections. Meadow steppe had the most stable soil microbial network. Bacterial community assembly was dominated by stochastic processes in desert steppe but deterministic processes in other grasslands. Fungal communities were primarily governed by stochastic processes, with dispersal limitation declining and ecological drift increasing as precipitation decreased. Bacterial communities were shaped by soil pH and total nitrogen, while fungi were driven by soil water content and ammonium nitrogen. This study reveals the pattern and driving mechanisms of soil microorganisms in arid and semi-arid grasslands, informing biodiversity conservation and microbial management under global climate change.</p>

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Bacterial and Fungal Communities Exhibit Different Assembly Process in Arid and Semi-arid Grasslands

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Hui Li,
  • Wenchang Ma,
  • Mengyao Wu,
  • Jiayuan Wei,
  • Shuhui Liu,
  • Lin Chen,
  • Xuebin Li,
  • Yinglong Chen,
  • Danbo Pang

摘要

Soil microorganisms are critical in regulating carbon and nitrogen cycling in grasslands. Yet, their community assembly mechanisms and response patterns along precipitation gradients remain unclear in arid and semi-arid grasslands. This study explored soil microbial community characteristics and assembly processes across four grassland types along a precipitation gradient. We used Illumina high-throughput sequencing to examine soil microbial community structure, and explore network interactions and assembly mechanisms in different grasslands in Ningxia, China. Actinobacteriota and Ascomycota were the dominant bacterial and fungal phyla. Bacterial alpha diversity peaked in desert steppe, while fungal alpha diversity showed no significant differences. With declining precipitation, bacterial networks became more modular and disturbance-resistant, whereas fungal networks displayed tighter connections. Meadow steppe had the most stable soil microbial network. Bacterial community assembly was dominated by stochastic processes in desert steppe but deterministic processes in other grasslands. Fungal communities were primarily governed by stochastic processes, with dispersal limitation declining and ecological drift increasing as precipitation decreased. Bacterial communities were shaped by soil pH and total nitrogen, while fungi were driven by soil water content and ammonium nitrogen. This study reveals the pattern and driving mechanisms of soil microorganisms in arid and semi-arid grasslands, informing biodiversity conservation and microbial management under global climate change.