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<p>Quinoa is a newly introduced crop in the arid and semi-arid Western Indo-Gangetic Plain, where short winters and terminal heat stress limit yield. This study identifies the optimum sowing window to synchronize crop phenology with favourable thermal conditions and improve yield.&#xa0;Four sowing dates at 15-day intervals, from October 15 to November 30, were evaluated during four consecutive winter seasons in randomized complete block design with three replications. Phenological growth stages were recorded following standard quinoa descriptors and related to concurrent weather parameters.&#xa0;The October sowings had a longer grain development period (47–56 days) owing to the favourable maximum temperature of 18.4&#xa0;°C. In contrast, November sowings experienced lower temperature (19.4&#xa0;°C) during early growth, which extended the vegetative phase (58–66 days), but subsequently shortened the grain development period (65–73 days) due to higher maximum temperature (30.3&#xa0;°C). The October sowings recorded significantly higher no. of panicle-bearing branches, panicle length and 1000-grain weight compared to November sowings. The significantly highest grain yield (3.78 t ha<sup>− 1</sup>) was obtained from 15th October sowing followed by 30th October (3.45 t ha<sup>− 1</sup>). The October sowings also recorded higher grain nitrogen, phosphorus, and protein content. The regression analysis and partial least square-structural equation modelling revealed that maximum temperature and rainfall significantly influenced grain yield.&#xa0;Early sowing enhanced quinoa growth and yield owing to favourable weather conditions, greater nutrient accumulation, and preventing exposure to late-season heat stress.</p>

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Effect of Sowing Time on Phenological Development, Growth, Yield and Grain Nutrient Content in Quinoa Under Western Indo-Gangetic Plain of India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Kailash Prajapat,
  • S. K. Sanwal,
  • Ram K. Fagodiya,
  • Ashwani Kumar,
  • Parvender Sheoran,
  • R. K. Yadav

摘要

Quinoa is a newly introduced crop in the arid and semi-arid Western Indo-Gangetic Plain, where short winters and terminal heat stress limit yield. This study identifies the optimum sowing window to synchronize crop phenology with favourable thermal conditions and improve yield. Four sowing dates at 15-day intervals, from October 15 to November 30, were evaluated during four consecutive winter seasons in randomized complete block design with three replications. Phenological growth stages were recorded following standard quinoa descriptors and related to concurrent weather parameters. The October sowings had a longer grain development period (47–56 days) owing to the favourable maximum temperature of 18.4 °C. In contrast, November sowings experienced lower temperature (19.4 °C) during early growth, which extended the vegetative phase (58–66 days), but subsequently shortened the grain development period (65–73 days) due to higher maximum temperature (30.3 °C). The October sowings recorded significantly higher no. of panicle-bearing branches, panicle length and 1000-grain weight compared to November sowings. The significantly highest grain yield (3.78 t ha− 1) was obtained from 15th October sowing followed by 30th October (3.45 t ha− 1). The October sowings also recorded higher grain nitrogen, phosphorus, and protein content. The regression analysis and partial least square-structural equation modelling revealed that maximum temperature and rainfall significantly influenced grain yield. Early sowing enhanced quinoa growth and yield owing to favourable weather conditions, greater nutrient accumulation, and preventing exposure to late-season heat stress.