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<p>Cadmium (Cd) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) pollution in soil has become a most persistent problem due to rapid industrialization and the widespread utilization of antibiotics in livestock sector, as well as the application of manure in agriculture. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the alone and co impact of SDZ and Cd on maize at germination and maturity stages. Moreover, the efficacy of Ca-Mg nanocomposite was assessed to alleviate the toxicity of Cd and SDZ in maize plants through foliar application.&#xa0;This research was conducted in two phases: a germination trial and a pot experiment (CRD design, with three replicates). The Tuckey HSD Test was used for statistical analysis.&#xa0;The combined effect of Cd 1 and SDZ 50&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> inhibited germination attributes synergistically at the germination stage. Furthermore, the combined toxicity of Cd 1 and SDZ at 50&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> reduced the Germination Index (GI), germination percentage (GP), and Seedling Vigor Index (SVI) by 53%, 47%, and 80%, respectively, compared to the effect observed with Cd 1&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> at the germination stage. Furthermore, the mutual toxicity of Cd 1 and SDZ 50&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> also negatively impacted growth and biochemical traits parallel to Cd 1&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> treatment. Although the foliar spray of Ca-Mg nanocomposite prominently improved the total chlorophyll, peroxidase (POD), superoxidase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) by 17%, 37%, 53%, 15%, and 62% respectively, compared to the respective treatment without foliar activity of Ca-Mg under the co-exposure of Cd 1 and SDZ 50&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup>.&#xa0;This research area has prominent potential for developing our perception of nanomaterial-plant interactions and emerging innovative solutions for sustainable agriculture practices. Outcomes are indicated that Ca-Mg foliar spray significantly mitigated the combined stress of Cd and SDZ under higher concentration of toxicity. This novel approach should be implemented in agriculture sector to promote sustainable, eco-friendly and healthy food.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Ca-Mg Nanocomposite: A Promising Solution to Alleviate the Combined Effect of Sulfadiazine and Cd Contamination in Maize (Zea mays L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Muhammad Younas,
  • Shamaila Noureen,
  • Muhammad Adrees,
  • Shafaqat Ali

摘要

Cadmium (Cd) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) pollution in soil has become a most persistent problem due to rapid industrialization and the widespread utilization of antibiotics in livestock sector, as well as the application of manure in agriculture. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the alone and co impact of SDZ and Cd on maize at germination and maturity stages. Moreover, the efficacy of Ca-Mg nanocomposite was assessed to alleviate the toxicity of Cd and SDZ in maize plants through foliar application. This research was conducted in two phases: a germination trial and a pot experiment (CRD design, with three replicates). The Tuckey HSD Test was used for statistical analysis. The combined effect of Cd 1 and SDZ 50 mg kg− 1 inhibited germination attributes synergistically at the germination stage. Furthermore, the combined toxicity of Cd 1 and SDZ at 50 mg kg− 1 reduced the Germination Index (GI), germination percentage (GP), and Seedling Vigor Index (SVI) by 53%, 47%, and 80%, respectively, compared to the effect observed with Cd 1 mg kg− 1 at the germination stage. Furthermore, the mutual toxicity of Cd 1 and SDZ 50 mg kg− 1 also negatively impacted growth and biochemical traits parallel to Cd 1 mg kg− 1 treatment. Although the foliar spray of Ca-Mg nanocomposite prominently improved the total chlorophyll, peroxidase (POD), superoxidase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) by 17%, 37%, 53%, 15%, and 62% respectively, compared to the respective treatment without foliar activity of Ca-Mg under the co-exposure of Cd 1 and SDZ 50 mg kg− 1. This research area has prominent potential for developing our perception of nanomaterial-plant interactions and emerging innovative solutions for sustainable agriculture practices. Outcomes are indicated that Ca-Mg foliar spray significantly mitigated the combined stress of Cd and SDZ under higher concentration of toxicity. This novel approach should be implemented in agriculture sector to promote sustainable, eco-friendly and healthy food.

Graphical Abstract