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<p>Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) co-contamination threatens rice productivity. Yet the effects of synergistic soil-plant remediation strategies like biochar (BC) + melatonin (MT) in mitigating Cd and Pb toxicity remain unexplored.&#xa0;This study tested the effects of BC + MT in improving rice productivity grown in Cd and Pb polluted soil. Rice grown in Cd/Pb-spiked soil with the following treatments: (i) control, (ii) Cd + Pb, (iii) Cd + Pb+BC (2.5% w/w), (iv) Cd + Pb+MT (200 µM foliar), and (v) Cd + Pb+BC + MT.&#xa0;Cadmium and Pb toxicity decreased rice yield by reducing photosynthetic pigments synthesis, nutrient uptake, increasing oxidative stress markers, soil Cd and Pb availability, and accumulation in plant tissues. BC + MT co-application synergistically boosted chlorophyll (+ 51.40%; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), antioxidant activities (ascorbate peroxidase: APX↑30.78%), catalase: CAT↑45.69%), peroxidase: POD↑63.29%), superoxide dismutase; SOD↑45.02%), proline synthesis (↑34.42%), and soil health (soil organic carbon; SOC↑42%, pH↑ 15%). This reduced bioavailable soil Cd/Pb (46–54%), root-to-shoot metal transfer (TF↓40%), and grain Cd / Pb below Codex limits (0.2&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹). Further, synergistic BC×MT interaction reduced grain Cd and Pb by 107% and 94.73% beyond additive effects (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).&#xa0;BC + MT co-application mitigates Cd/Pb toxicity via dual soil-plant mechanisms: metal immobilization (BC-driven alkalinization) and physiological resilience (MT-induced antioxidants). This strategy shows promise for safe rice production in contaminated soils. </p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic Immobilization and Physiological Rescue by Biochar-Melatonin Co-Application Mitigates Cadmium-Lead Co-Toxicity in Rice

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Xie Zhiming,
  • Liang Huishu,
  • Fatima M. Abbas,
  • Rehab O. Elnour

摘要

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) co-contamination threatens rice productivity. Yet the effects of synergistic soil-plant remediation strategies like biochar (BC) + melatonin (MT) in mitigating Cd and Pb toxicity remain unexplored. This study tested the effects of BC + MT in improving rice productivity grown in Cd and Pb polluted soil. Rice grown in Cd/Pb-spiked soil with the following treatments: (i) control, (ii) Cd + Pb, (iii) Cd + Pb+BC (2.5% w/w), (iv) Cd + Pb+MT (200 µM foliar), and (v) Cd + Pb+BC + MT. Cadmium and Pb toxicity decreased rice yield by reducing photosynthetic pigments synthesis, nutrient uptake, increasing oxidative stress markers, soil Cd and Pb availability, and accumulation in plant tissues. BC + MT co-application synergistically boosted chlorophyll (+ 51.40%; p < 0.01), antioxidant activities (ascorbate peroxidase: APX↑30.78%), catalase: CAT↑45.69%), peroxidase: POD↑63.29%), superoxide dismutase; SOD↑45.02%), proline synthesis (↑34.42%), and soil health (soil organic carbon; SOC↑42%, pH↑ 15%). This reduced bioavailable soil Cd/Pb (46–54%), root-to-shoot metal transfer (TF↓40%), and grain Cd / Pb below Codex limits (0.2 mg kg⁻¹). Further, synergistic BC×MT interaction reduced grain Cd and Pb by 107% and 94.73% beyond additive effects (p < 0.05). BC + MT co-application mitigates Cd/Pb toxicity via dual soil-plant mechanisms: metal immobilization (BC-driven alkalinization) and physiological resilience (MT-induced antioxidants). This strategy shows promise for safe rice production in contaminated soils.

Graphical Abstract