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<p>Salt-drought stress poses severe environmental challenges, adversely affecting the productivity of cereal crops, particularly wheat. In this study, the individual and co-application of biochar and rhizobacterial consortia (RhCo) were evaluated in a pot experiment to upregulate photosynthetic efficiency and activate the defense system of <i>Triticum durum</i> L. under various salinity and drought stress conditions.&#xa0;A pot experiment was conducted under four conditions: control (75% field capacity), salt stress (150 mM NaCl), drought stress (35% field capacity), and combined salt-drought stress (150 mM NaCl + 35% FC). Physiological, biochemical, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured to assess plant responses.&#xa0;Combined salt-drought stress caused the greatest damage to wheat plants, but the co-application of biochar and RhCo restored grain number (+ 34%), shoot biomass (+ 26%), and thousand-grain weight (+ 37%) to near-control levels. This treatment enhanced relative water content, stomatal conductance, SPAD values, and membrane stability across all stress conditions. Chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence analyses revealed improved photosystem II (PSII) efficiency in treated plants, characterized by enhanced energy fluxes, a higher performance index, and increased quantum yield. Higher fluorescence intensity at the I and P steps in the OJIP curve indicated more active reaction centers at PSII under combined stress compared to controls. The co-application also effectively modulated stress-related metabolites, oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic activities.&#xa0;These findings establish biochar + RhCo as a biotechnology for rehabilitating wheat productivity in salt-drought-affected soils, offering a sustainable strategy to reduce climate-related yield losses.</p>

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Coactive Role of Biochar and Rhizobacterial Consortia in Improving Photosystem II Performance, Antioxidant Response, and Enhancing Durum Wheat Tolerance Under Combined Salt-Drought Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Ez-Zoubair El Hajjami,
  • Khalid Oufdou,
  • Redouane Ouhaddou,
  • Nizar El Mazouni,
  • Abdelilah Meddich

摘要

Salt-drought stress poses severe environmental challenges, adversely affecting the productivity of cereal crops, particularly wheat. In this study, the individual and co-application of biochar and rhizobacterial consortia (RhCo) were evaluated in a pot experiment to upregulate photosynthetic efficiency and activate the defense system of Triticum durum L. under various salinity and drought stress conditions. A pot experiment was conducted under four conditions: control (75% field capacity), salt stress (150 mM NaCl), drought stress (35% field capacity), and combined salt-drought stress (150 mM NaCl + 35% FC). Physiological, biochemical, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured to assess plant responses. Combined salt-drought stress caused the greatest damage to wheat plants, but the co-application of biochar and RhCo restored grain number (+ 34%), shoot biomass (+ 26%), and thousand-grain weight (+ 37%) to near-control levels. This treatment enhanced relative water content, stomatal conductance, SPAD values, and membrane stability across all stress conditions. Chlorophyll a fluorescence analyses revealed improved photosystem II (PSII) efficiency in treated plants, characterized by enhanced energy fluxes, a higher performance index, and increased quantum yield. Higher fluorescence intensity at the I and P steps in the OJIP curve indicated more active reaction centers at PSII under combined stress compared to controls. The co-application also effectively modulated stress-related metabolites, oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic activities. These findings establish biochar + RhCo as a biotechnology for rehabilitating wheat productivity in salt-drought-affected soils, offering a sustainable strategy to reduce climate-related yield losses.