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<p>The accumulation of lead (Pb) in cereal crops from Pb-polluted soils is a serious threat to human health by accumulating high levels of Pb in grains. The combination of biochar and clay minerals can be a useful strategy to combat Pb toxicity in cereals. An experiment was conducted to assess the efficiency of biochar and montmorillonite on wheat growth, yield, and human cancer risk in Pb-contaminated soil. The results revealed that Pb toxicity diminished the growth, physiological functions, and yield of the wheat. The application of biochar (BC) and montmorillonite (MT) alone enhanced plant growth under Pb stress; however, their combined application (BC + MT) showed the significant effect. It was observed that combined application of BC and MT increased total dry biomass by 51%, chlorophyll a and b by 61% and 52%, and carotenoids by 31%, while reducing oxidative stress indicators (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde by 49% and 77%, respectively, compared to unamended Pb-contaminated soil. The BC+MT amendment also enhanced soil quality, increasing pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and organic matter (OM) while decreasing DTPA-extractable Pb by 38% and promoting its conversion to more stable residual fractions. Moreover, integrated use of BC and MT decreased the Pb uptake in roots (73%), shoots (75%), and grains (84%). Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment confirmed that the BC + MT treatment provided the greatest reduction in dietary Pb-related cancer risk, lowering ILCR to 4.42×10⁻⁵ compared with 7.96×10⁻⁴ in unamended soil. Overall, the integrated use of BC and MT proved most effective in mitigating Pb toxicity and improving soil health, wheat productivity, and food safety. The co-application of biochar and montmorillonite as eco-friendly amendments suggested that these amendments can be used in combination to alleviate Pb phytotoxicity in crops.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biochar and Montmorillonite in Combination Improved the Plant growth, physiology, Yield and Decreased Lead (Pb) Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Pb Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Zaffar Malik,
  • Suliman Mohammed Suliman Alghanem,
  • Nasir Masood,
  • Hina Rizvi,
  • Muhammad Waseem,
  • Ahmad Ali,
  • Haifa Abdul Aziz Sakit Alhaithloul,
  • Muhammad Rizwan

摘要

The accumulation of lead (Pb) in cereal crops from Pb-polluted soils is a serious threat to human health by accumulating high levels of Pb in grains. The combination of biochar and clay minerals can be a useful strategy to combat Pb toxicity in cereals. An experiment was conducted to assess the efficiency of biochar and montmorillonite on wheat growth, yield, and human cancer risk in Pb-contaminated soil. The results revealed that Pb toxicity diminished the growth, physiological functions, and yield of the wheat. The application of biochar (BC) and montmorillonite (MT) alone enhanced plant growth under Pb stress; however, their combined application (BC + MT) showed the significant effect. It was observed that combined application of BC and MT increased total dry biomass by 51%, chlorophyll a and b by 61% and 52%, and carotenoids by 31%, while reducing oxidative stress indicators (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde by 49% and 77%, respectively, compared to unamended Pb-contaminated soil. The BC+MT amendment also enhanced soil quality, increasing pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and organic matter (OM) while decreasing DTPA-extractable Pb by 38% and promoting its conversion to more stable residual fractions. Moreover, integrated use of BC and MT decreased the Pb uptake in roots (73%), shoots (75%), and grains (84%). Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment confirmed that the BC + MT treatment provided the greatest reduction in dietary Pb-related cancer risk, lowering ILCR to 4.42×10⁻⁵ compared with 7.96×10⁻⁴ in unamended soil. Overall, the integrated use of BC and MT proved most effective in mitigating Pb toxicity and improving soil health, wheat productivity, and food safety. The co-application of biochar and montmorillonite as eco-friendly amendments suggested that these amendments can be used in combination to alleviate Pb phytotoxicity in crops.

Graphical Abstract