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<p> Purpose: This study aimed to characterize the physio-biochemical mechanisms underlying hyssop response to escalating salinity stress during vegetative growth. Methods: Plants were exposed to a gradient of sodium chloride (NaCl: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM) and monitored for biomass, water content, and ion accumulation (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺). Photosynthetic, gas exchange, oxidative (Malondialdehyde: MDA, hydrogen peroxide: H₂O₂), proteins, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers in leaves and roots, were evaluated. Results: Despite pronounced growth inhibition and biomass reduction, particularly in roots, hyssop maintained tissue hydration via efficient osmotic adjustment. Enhanced selective ion homeostasis was observed through increased K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios, especially in roots. Photosynthetic capacity was compromised at high salinity, driven by stomatal closure and non-stomatal limitations, coupled with declines in chlorophyll and carotenoids. Salt-induced oxidative stress, evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels, was alleviated by a dynamic antioxidant defense involving ascorbate, glutathione, and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR). These responses exhibited tissue-specific induction patterns. Differential modulation of phenolics and protein contents suggests organ-specific metabolic adjustments contributing to salt tolerance. This multifaceted adaptation underscores complex mechanisms, integrating ion regulation, photosynthetic modulation, antioxidant defence, protein and phenolic metabolism. Conclusions: Hyssop exhibits multifaceted adaptive strategy to salinity stress characterized by selective ion homeostasis, maintained tissue hydration, modulation of photosynthetic function, and organ-specific antioxidant defences. These findings position hyssop as a promising candidate for cultivation under soil salinization and climate change challenges.</p>

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Multifaceted Adaptation of Hyssop To Salt Stress Integrating Organ-Specific Ionomic, Photosynthetic, Oxidative Stress Management, and Metabolic Mechanisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Nesrine Ben Hamida,
  • Hela Mahmoudi,
  • Leila Riahi,
  • Zeineb Ouerghi

摘要

Purpose: This study aimed to characterize the physio-biochemical mechanisms underlying hyssop response to escalating salinity stress during vegetative growth. Methods: Plants were exposed to a gradient of sodium chloride (NaCl: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM) and monitored for biomass, water content, and ion accumulation (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺). Photosynthetic, gas exchange, oxidative (Malondialdehyde: MDA, hydrogen peroxide: H₂O₂), proteins, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers in leaves and roots, were evaluated. Results: Despite pronounced growth inhibition and biomass reduction, particularly in roots, hyssop maintained tissue hydration via efficient osmotic adjustment. Enhanced selective ion homeostasis was observed through increased K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios, especially in roots. Photosynthetic capacity was compromised at high salinity, driven by stomatal closure and non-stomatal limitations, coupled with declines in chlorophyll and carotenoids. Salt-induced oxidative stress, evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels, was alleviated by a dynamic antioxidant defense involving ascorbate, glutathione, and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR). These responses exhibited tissue-specific induction patterns. Differential modulation of phenolics and protein contents suggests organ-specific metabolic adjustments contributing to salt tolerance. This multifaceted adaptation underscores complex mechanisms, integrating ion regulation, photosynthetic modulation, antioxidant defence, protein and phenolic metabolism. Conclusions: Hyssop exhibits multifaceted adaptive strategy to salinity stress characterized by selective ion homeostasis, maintained tissue hydration, modulation of photosynthetic function, and organ-specific antioxidant defences. These findings position hyssop as a promising candidate for cultivation under soil salinization and climate change challenges.