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<p>Increasing soil salinization is a major global threat to agricultural productivity. Nitrogen (N) fertilization can mitigate salt stress; however, it often causes environmental pollution and leads to low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and profitability. Coated urea formulations improve N uptake and crop performance in saline conditions.&#xa0;A two-year field study in natural saline conditions evaluated the coated urea types: simple urea (no coating) (SU), polymer-coated urea (PCU), polymer-zinc-coated urea (PZCU), and polymer-sulfur-coated urea (PSCU). These were tested at five N application rates (0%, 50% 75%, 100% and 125% of the recommended dose (135&#xa0;kg N ha<sup>− 1</sup>).&#xa0;PSCU at 75% RD outperformed all other treatments. It significantly enhanced wheat growth attributes, grain yield (51.76%), and nutrient uptake (N: 69%; P: 43.46%; K: 43.40%) while reducing electrolyte leakage (32.81%) and oxidative stress compared to SU. Moreover, PSCU application improved leaf water relations and quality attributes. Among the coated urea, the order of effectiveness was PSCU˃PCU˃PZCU. All NUE indices were maximized with PSCU at 75% RD, presenting 3.7 and 1.93 times higher agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity than SU, respectively. Notably, nitrogen rates exceeding 100% of the RD did not result in a significant increase in grain yield or other aforementioned observations in either year.&#xa0;PSCU at 75% of the recommended N rate optimized wheat productivity and NUE in saline soil by synchronizing N release with crop demand, enhancing the antioxidant defense system, and saving 25% nitrogen, offering a scalable and sustainable solution for saline agriculture.</p>

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Coated Urea Improves Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Muhammad Talha Aslam,
  • Imran Khan,
  • Muhammad Umer Chattha,
  • Ghulam Murtaza

摘要

Increasing soil salinization is a major global threat to agricultural productivity. Nitrogen (N) fertilization can mitigate salt stress; however, it often causes environmental pollution and leads to low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and profitability. Coated urea formulations improve N uptake and crop performance in saline conditions. A two-year field study in natural saline conditions evaluated the coated urea types: simple urea (no coating) (SU), polymer-coated urea (PCU), polymer-zinc-coated urea (PZCU), and polymer-sulfur-coated urea (PSCU). These were tested at five N application rates (0%, 50% 75%, 100% and 125% of the recommended dose (135 kg N ha− 1). PSCU at 75% RD outperformed all other treatments. It significantly enhanced wheat growth attributes, grain yield (51.76%), and nutrient uptake (N: 69%; P: 43.46%; K: 43.40%) while reducing electrolyte leakage (32.81%) and oxidative stress compared to SU. Moreover, PSCU application improved leaf water relations and quality attributes. Among the coated urea, the order of effectiveness was PSCU˃PCU˃PZCU. All NUE indices were maximized with PSCU at 75% RD, presenting 3.7 and 1.93 times higher agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity than SU, respectively. Notably, nitrogen rates exceeding 100% of the RD did not result in a significant increase in grain yield or other aforementioned observations in either year. PSCU at 75% of the recommended N rate optimized wheat productivity and NUE in saline soil by synchronizing N release with crop demand, enhancing the antioxidant defense system, and saving 25% nitrogen, offering a scalable and sustainable solution for saline agriculture.