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Purpose <p>Nitrogen (N) is essential for plant growth, yet chemical fertilizers are inefficient and environmentally detrimental. Biological N fixation (BNF) via <i>Rhizobium</i> spp. offers a sustainable alternative for legumes such as pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.). This study evaluated the effects of two <i>Rhizobium</i> strains and/or N fertilization on pea growth, yield, and soil N dynamics under humid Mediterranean conditions in northern Tunisia.</p> Methods <p>A three-year field experiment (2021–2024) used a randomized complete block design with six treatments: control, N fertilizer (60&#xa0;kg.ha<sup>−1</sup>), <i>Rhizobium</i> TAC, <i>Rhizobium</i> 12,362, TAC + N, and 12,362 + N. Nodulation, shoot and root biomass, N content, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), and yield components were measured. The Multidisciplinary Simulator for Standard Crops (STICS) crop model was calibrated to simulate N content under these treatments. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and principal component analysis (PCA).</p> Results <p>Combined inoculation with N fertilization (TAC + N and 12,362 + N) significantly enhanced nodulation, shoot and root biomass, seed number, 100-seed weight, and overall yield compared to controls. T6 (12,362 + N) produced the highest nodulation (85 nodules per plant), nodule dry weight (0.4&#xa0;g), and yield (74.1&#xa0;g.m<sup>−2</sup>). NUE and NNI improved under inoculation treatments, indicating optimized N acquisition. PCA and correlation analyses highlighted strong positive relationships between nodulation, biomass, and yield. STICS simulations predicted N content for simple treatments but were less precise for complex inoculation-fertilization combinations.</p> Conclusion <p><i>Rhizobium</i> inoculation, especially with moderate N fertilization, enhances pea productivity and supports sustainable soil fertility management under Mediterranean climatic variability. These findings provide practical guidance for reducing chemical N inputs while maintaining legume crop performance.</p>

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Influence of Rhizobium Inoculation and Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Pea using Multidisciplinary Simulator for Standard Crops Model under Mediterranean Rain-Fed Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Wissem Hamdi,
  • Khadija Ouerghi,
  • Amal Attallah,
  • Souid Amira,
  • Boulbaba L’taief,
  • Lobna Hajji-Hedfi,
  • Boulbaba Louhichi,
  • Noureddine Hamdi,
  • Salah Jellali,
  • Nazih Y. Rebouh

摘要

Purpose

Nitrogen (N) is essential for plant growth, yet chemical fertilizers are inefficient and environmentally detrimental. Biological N fixation (BNF) via Rhizobium spp. offers a sustainable alternative for legumes such as pea (Pisum sativum L.). This study evaluated the effects of two Rhizobium strains and/or N fertilization on pea growth, yield, and soil N dynamics under humid Mediterranean conditions in northern Tunisia.

Methods

A three-year field experiment (2021–2024) used a randomized complete block design with six treatments: control, N fertilizer (60 kg.ha−1), Rhizobium TAC, Rhizobium 12,362, TAC + N, and 12,362 + N. Nodulation, shoot and root biomass, N content, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), and yield components were measured. The Multidisciplinary Simulator for Standard Crops (STICS) crop model was calibrated to simulate N content under these treatments. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and principal component analysis (PCA).

Results

Combined inoculation with N fertilization (TAC + N and 12,362 + N) significantly enhanced nodulation, shoot and root biomass, seed number, 100-seed weight, and overall yield compared to controls. T6 (12,362 + N) produced the highest nodulation (85 nodules per plant), nodule dry weight (0.4 g), and yield (74.1 g.m−2). NUE and NNI improved under inoculation treatments, indicating optimized N acquisition. PCA and correlation analyses highlighted strong positive relationships between nodulation, biomass, and yield. STICS simulations predicted N content for simple treatments but were less precise for complex inoculation-fertilization combinations.

Conclusion

Rhizobium inoculation, especially with moderate N fertilization, enhances pea productivity and supports sustainable soil fertility management under Mediterranean climatic variability. These findings provide practical guidance for reducing chemical N inputs while maintaining legume crop performance.