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<p>Environmental stresses affect microbial activity, necessitating carriers such as biochar to immobilize and protect microorganisms. Current research lacks investigations into the effects of biochar carriers and microbial inoculants under different immobilization states, including studies on their synergistic impacts on microbial numbers, soil nutrients, and plant growth.&#xa0;Biochar-based inoculant (BCMI) was synthesized by adsorbing <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> onto biochar produced at various pyrolysis temperatures. This initial phase aimed to evaluate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on bacterial proliferation, soil health, and tomato growth. Subsequently, four distinct BCMI formulations (BCMI-I) at a pyrolysis temperature of 350&#xa0;°C were developed using different immobilization strategies: Mixing (M), Adsorption (A), Granulation (G), and Adsorption-Granulation (A-G). Their performance was then assessed across key parameters including bacterial proliferation, soil physicochemical properties, nutrient availability, and tomato growth.&#xa0;BCMI (2.24 × 10<sup>10</sup> CFU/g, 90-day bacterial counts) at 350°C was the most effective in improving soil pH, accelerating the formation of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, increasing the effectiveness of available phosphorus, and promoting tomato growth. Sustained release of A-G (2.67% bacterial loss over 50 days) significantly improved soil pH, water content and temperature, increased alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, rapidly available potassium and chlorophyll, and increased tomato plant height and leaf/branch number.&#xa0;This is the first study to demonstrate that adsorption-granulation biochar carriers improve both bacterial longevity and crop nutrient uptake under controlled conditions. A-G was effective in sustained release of bacteria to maximise soil/crop benefits while the granulation process aided in the biochemical solubilisation of phosphorus/potassium. These findings highlight the great potential of low-temperature biochar carriers and adsorption-granulation immobilisation methods in sustainable agriculture.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Low Temperature Biochar Based on Adsorption-Granulation Combined with Bacillus Subtilis Inoculants to Improve Soil Nutrient Supply and Tomato Growth

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • Tianyu Xu,
  • Anna Ocheagwu,
  • Zhengming Yang,
  • Taiwen Li,
  • Zhuochao Wang,
  • Han Ding,
  • Hongliang Cao

摘要

Environmental stresses affect microbial activity, necessitating carriers such as biochar to immobilize and protect microorganisms. Current research lacks investigations into the effects of biochar carriers and microbial inoculants under different immobilization states, including studies on their synergistic impacts on microbial numbers, soil nutrients, and plant growth. Biochar-based inoculant (BCMI) was synthesized by adsorbing Bacillus subtilis onto biochar produced at various pyrolysis temperatures. This initial phase aimed to evaluate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on bacterial proliferation, soil health, and tomato growth. Subsequently, four distinct BCMI formulations (BCMI-I) at a pyrolysis temperature of 350 °C were developed using different immobilization strategies: Mixing (M), Adsorption (A), Granulation (G), and Adsorption-Granulation (A-G). Their performance was then assessed across key parameters including bacterial proliferation, soil physicochemical properties, nutrient availability, and tomato growth. BCMI (2.24 × 1010 CFU/g, 90-day bacterial counts) at 350°C was the most effective in improving soil pH, accelerating the formation of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, increasing the effectiveness of available phosphorus, and promoting tomato growth. Sustained release of A-G (2.67% bacterial loss over 50 days) significantly improved soil pH, water content and temperature, increased alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, rapidly available potassium and chlorophyll, and increased tomato plant height and leaf/branch number. This is the first study to demonstrate that adsorption-granulation biochar carriers improve both bacterial longevity and crop nutrient uptake under controlled conditions. A-G was effective in sustained release of bacteria to maximise soil/crop benefits while the granulation process aided in the biochemical solubilisation of phosphorus/potassium. These findings highlight the great potential of low-temperature biochar carriers and adsorption-granulation immobilisation methods in sustainable agriculture.

Graphical Abstract