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<p>Crop diversification from nutrient-exhaustive rice–wheat system to nutrient-enriching legume-based systems is the need of the hour to combat production vulnerabilities as well as soil organic carbon depletion and sustenance of nutrient status. The present long-term experiment (in progress since 2016) was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana using six cropping systems (rice–wheat, cotton-wheat, maize-wheat, moongbean-raya, soybean-wheat and moongbean-raya) to study variations in productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake, soil organic carbon and nutrient build-up status. The practice of different cropping systems caused notable differences in system productivity, with the maximum under soybean-wheat system (11.56&#xa0;Mg&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>), accompanied by the highest net returns (1696 US$) and lowest cost of cultivation (1219.04 US$), resulting in a higher benefit to cost ratio (2.39) as compared to traditionally practiced rice–wheat system with lower system productivity (10.96&#xa0;Mg&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>) and benefit to cost ratio (2.12). The maximum grain uptake of macro and micronutrients was recorded by rice grains in the <i>kharif</i> season and wheat grains in the <i>rabi</i> season, making it a highly nutrient-exhaustive system. Furthermore, long-term practice of soybean-wheat system led to build-up of soil organic carbon (2.3 percent) which further enhanced the levels of soil macro (P – 30.8 and K – 10.4 percent) and micronutrients (9.21, 2.04, 3.39 and 1.83 percent increase in the DTPA-Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu, respectively). The findings contribute to enhanced understanding of inter-relationships between soil properties and diversified cropping systems, thereby providing valuable insights into the importance of crop diversification with leguminous crops, especially soybean-wheat system that serves as a potential option for sustenance of agriculture.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Diversified Cropping Systems a Leading Milestone for Sustainability in Productivity, Profitability and Enhancement of Soil Nutrients Status Under Long-Term Experimentation in North-Western India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Sharanjit Kaur Brar,
  • Salwinder Singh Dhaliwal,
  • Vivek Sharma

摘要

Crop diversification from nutrient-exhaustive rice–wheat system to nutrient-enriching legume-based systems is the need of the hour to combat production vulnerabilities as well as soil organic carbon depletion and sustenance of nutrient status. The present long-term experiment (in progress since 2016) was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana using six cropping systems (rice–wheat, cotton-wheat, maize-wheat, moongbean-raya, soybean-wheat and moongbean-raya) to study variations in productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake, soil organic carbon and nutrient build-up status. The practice of different cropping systems caused notable differences in system productivity, with the maximum under soybean-wheat system (11.56 Mg ha−1), accompanied by the highest net returns (1696 US$) and lowest cost of cultivation (1219.04 US$), resulting in a higher benefit to cost ratio (2.39) as compared to traditionally practiced rice–wheat system with lower system productivity (10.96 Mg ha−1) and benefit to cost ratio (2.12). The maximum grain uptake of macro and micronutrients was recorded by rice grains in the kharif season and wheat grains in the rabi season, making it a highly nutrient-exhaustive system. Furthermore, long-term practice of soybean-wheat system led to build-up of soil organic carbon (2.3 percent) which further enhanced the levels of soil macro (P – 30.8 and K – 10.4 percent) and micronutrients (9.21, 2.04, 3.39 and 1.83 percent increase in the DTPA-Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu, respectively). The findings contribute to enhanced understanding of inter-relationships between soil properties and diversified cropping systems, thereby providing valuable insights into the importance of crop diversification with leguminous crops, especially soybean-wheat system that serves as a potential option for sustenance of agriculture.

Graphical Abstract