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<p>The extensive and decades-long application of copper-based fungicides in hop cultivation has led to significant copper accumulation in topsoil, causing toxic effects on soil biota. The application of co-composted biochar compost has been identified in several studies as a promising approach to mitigate these impacts.&#xa0;Two biochar containing composts, produced by co-composting chopped hop bines with 5 and 20 vol% biochar, respectively, and a biochar-free compost – also from hop bines – were mixed into soils artificially spiked with increasing amounts of copper, as well as into long-term copper-polluted topsoils from an apple orchard and three hop gardens. The soils without amendments were used as controls, and further treatments with lime and fresh biochar, alone or combined with biochar-free compost, were included. The effect of the amendments was evaluated by earthworm avoidance tests as well as measurements of basal and substrate-induced respiration.&#xa0;In both, artificially spiked and long-term copper-contaminated soils, earthworms showed a strong preference for compost, exceeding their copper-induced avoidance response. Microbial respiration, both before and after glucose addition, was significantly enhanced by compost addition, with the biochar-free compost showing the strongest effect due to its higher microbial degradability. No evidence was found for reduced copper bioavailability, suggesting that the positive effects are mainly linked to general improvement of physico-chemical soil properties. In addition to liming, fresh biochar alone or in combination with biochar-free compost showed generally weaker effects, indicating an advantage of co-composting of biochar.&#xa0;In the short term, co-composted biochar compost did not provide superior effects; hence, biochar-free compost appears sufficient to mitigate earthworm avoidance behavior and stimulate microbial respiration in copper-contaminated soils. However, the transferability of these findings to long-term field conditions remains to be validated.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effects of Co-Composted Biochar Compost on Earthworm Avoidance Behavior and Microbial Respiration in Copper-Polluted Soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Johannes Görl,
  • Dieter Lohr,
  • Elke Meinken,
  • Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen

摘要

The extensive and decades-long application of copper-based fungicides in hop cultivation has led to significant copper accumulation in topsoil, causing toxic effects on soil biota. The application of co-composted biochar compost has been identified in several studies as a promising approach to mitigate these impacts. Two biochar containing composts, produced by co-composting chopped hop bines with 5 and 20 vol% biochar, respectively, and a biochar-free compost – also from hop bines – were mixed into soils artificially spiked with increasing amounts of copper, as well as into long-term copper-polluted topsoils from an apple orchard and three hop gardens. The soils without amendments were used as controls, and further treatments with lime and fresh biochar, alone or combined with biochar-free compost, were included. The effect of the amendments was evaluated by earthworm avoidance tests as well as measurements of basal and substrate-induced respiration. In both, artificially spiked and long-term copper-contaminated soils, earthworms showed a strong preference for compost, exceeding their copper-induced avoidance response. Microbial respiration, both before and after glucose addition, was significantly enhanced by compost addition, with the biochar-free compost showing the strongest effect due to its higher microbial degradability. No evidence was found for reduced copper bioavailability, suggesting that the positive effects are mainly linked to general improvement of physico-chemical soil properties. In addition to liming, fresh biochar alone or in combination with biochar-free compost showed generally weaker effects, indicating an advantage of co-composting of biochar. In the short term, co-composted biochar compost did not provide superior effects; hence, biochar-free compost appears sufficient to mitigate earthworm avoidance behavior and stimulate microbial respiration in copper-contaminated soils. However, the transferability of these findings to long-term field conditions remains to be validated.

Graphical Abstract