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<p> Integrated nutrient management (INM) could reduce the negative environmental effects associated with excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer use and restore the productivity of degraded soils. However, the mechanisms regulating how INM strategies sustain N supply to promote plant growth and nutrition over extended periods in degraded soils remain unclear.&#xa0;We explored the mechanisms regulating the changes in soil inorganic and dissolved organic N, amino acids N, N-cycling enzyme activity, and the growth and nutritional profiles of <i>Nageia nagi</i> across different INM strategies. Treatments evaluated included a control, inorganic fertilizer (F), biochar (B), manure (M), biochar + manure (BM), biochar + fertilizer (BF), manure + fertilizer (MF), and biochar + manure + fertilizer (BMF). We also leveraged next-generation sequencing to explore the microbial-mediated mechanisms of sustained N-supply.&#xa0;Compared to all other treatments evaluated, BMF amendment sustained higher levels of organic and inorganic N supply. This was achieved partly, through the slow release of retained N and improved soil chemical properties, resulting in increased plant nutrition and growth. Relative to the F treatment, the M, BM, BF, MF, and BMF treatments increased nitrate-N by 47.7%, 78.9%, 40.7%, 95.1%, and 167.4%, and ammonium-N by 28.8%, 34.6%, 22.1%, 28.4%, and 67.8%, respectively. These elevated inorganic N levels were strongly associated with increased protease and urease activities. The BMF treatment enhanced the bioavailability of amino acids, providing an additional plant-available N source. This sustained N supply in BMF was further supported by the dominance of N-cycling-related bacteria that regulate N mineralization. Notably, biochar and manure each stimulated distinct microbial groups, and their combined activity in the BMF treatment created a synergistic and resilient N-cycling network that sustained N mineralization and supply.&#xa0;Our findings reveal the critical roles of microbial mediation (alongside slow release of retained N) in promoting extended N supply under INM, reinforcing the necessity for adopting microbial stimulation strategies for promoting sustained N availability in degraded soils.</p>

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Integrated Biochar, Manure, and Inorganic Fertilizers Sustain Microbial-Mediated Nitrogen Supply and Plant Nutrition in a Degraded Subtropical Soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Muhammed Mustapha Ibrahim,
  • Aminu Audu,
  • Victor Manna Samson,
  • Fatima Jibrin Abubakar,
  • Adnan Mustafa,
  • Asif Riaz,
  • Ado Adamu Yusuf,
  • Enqing Hou

摘要

Integrated nutrient management (INM) could reduce the negative environmental effects associated with excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer use and restore the productivity of degraded soils. However, the mechanisms regulating how INM strategies sustain N supply to promote plant growth and nutrition over extended periods in degraded soils remain unclear. We explored the mechanisms regulating the changes in soil inorganic and dissolved organic N, amino acids N, N-cycling enzyme activity, and the growth and nutritional profiles of Nageia nagi across different INM strategies. Treatments evaluated included a control, inorganic fertilizer (F), biochar (B), manure (M), biochar + manure (BM), biochar + fertilizer (BF), manure + fertilizer (MF), and biochar + manure + fertilizer (BMF). We also leveraged next-generation sequencing to explore the microbial-mediated mechanisms of sustained N-supply. Compared to all other treatments evaluated, BMF amendment sustained higher levels of organic and inorganic N supply. This was achieved partly, through the slow release of retained N and improved soil chemical properties, resulting in increased plant nutrition and growth. Relative to the F treatment, the M, BM, BF, MF, and BMF treatments increased nitrate-N by 47.7%, 78.9%, 40.7%, 95.1%, and 167.4%, and ammonium-N by 28.8%, 34.6%, 22.1%, 28.4%, and 67.8%, respectively. These elevated inorganic N levels were strongly associated with increased protease and urease activities. The BMF treatment enhanced the bioavailability of amino acids, providing an additional plant-available N source. This sustained N supply in BMF was further supported by the dominance of N-cycling-related bacteria that regulate N mineralization. Notably, biochar and manure each stimulated distinct microbial groups, and their combined activity in the BMF treatment created a synergistic and resilient N-cycling network that sustained N mineralization and supply. Our findings reveal the critical roles of microbial mediation (alongside slow release of retained N) in promoting extended N supply under INM, reinforcing the necessity for adopting microbial stimulation strategies for promoting sustained N availability in degraded soils.