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<p>Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from organic biomass through pyrolysis, has emerged as a promising soil amendment for enhancing plant root resilience under diverse environmental stressors. This review is novel in its emphasis on biochar’s modulation of the rhizosphere under multiple simultaneous stresses. It synthesizes the multifaceted role of biochar in mitigating drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, organic pollutants, and pathogen-induced stresses on root systems. Biochar’s unique physicochemical properties, including high porosity, surface area, and cation-exchange capacity, improve soil water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial activity, fostering robust root development. Under drought conditions, biochar enhances root elongation and branching by optimizing soil moisture dynamics and reducing oxidative stress. In saline soils, it alleviates ion toxicity and osmotic stress, promoting root growth and nutrient uptake. Biochar immobilizes heavy metals, reducing their bioavailability and protecting root tissues, while its adsorptive capacity mitigates organic pollutant toxicity. Furthermore, biochar suppresses soil-borne pathogens by modulating the rhizosphere microbiome and inducing systemic resistance in plants. The efficacy of biochar is influenced by feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, application rate, soil characteristics, and plant species-specific responses. Despite its benefits, challenges such as nutrient imbalances, pH alterations, and long-term impacts necessitate careful optimization of biochar use. Future research should prioritize the customization of biochar properties to address specific environmental stressors, explore its synergistic integration with other soil amendments, and deepen the understanding of its role in advancing sustainable agricultural practices. By elucidating biochar’s rhizosphere-modulating mechanisms and interactions under concurrent stresses, this review highlights its potential to enhance crop resilience and productivity amidst escalating environmental pressures.</p>

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Biochar as a Rhizosphere Modulator: Enhancing Root Resilience to Multifaceted Environmental Stresses for Sustainable Agriculture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月4日

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  • Hassan Etesami,
  • Shahrzad Hejazi Mahabadi,
  • Umarov Otabek,
  • Bafayeva Zahro,
  • Ortikov Tulkin,
  • Alimov Muhammad

摘要

Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from organic biomass through pyrolysis, has emerged as a promising soil amendment for enhancing plant root resilience under diverse environmental stressors. This review is novel in its emphasis on biochar’s modulation of the rhizosphere under multiple simultaneous stresses. It synthesizes the multifaceted role of biochar in mitigating drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, organic pollutants, and pathogen-induced stresses on root systems. Biochar’s unique physicochemical properties, including high porosity, surface area, and cation-exchange capacity, improve soil water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial activity, fostering robust root development. Under drought conditions, biochar enhances root elongation and branching by optimizing soil moisture dynamics and reducing oxidative stress. In saline soils, it alleviates ion toxicity and osmotic stress, promoting root growth and nutrient uptake. Biochar immobilizes heavy metals, reducing their bioavailability and protecting root tissues, while its adsorptive capacity mitigates organic pollutant toxicity. Furthermore, biochar suppresses soil-borne pathogens by modulating the rhizosphere microbiome and inducing systemic resistance in plants. The efficacy of biochar is influenced by feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, application rate, soil characteristics, and plant species-specific responses. Despite its benefits, challenges such as nutrient imbalances, pH alterations, and long-term impacts necessitate careful optimization of biochar use. Future research should prioritize the customization of biochar properties to address specific environmental stressors, explore its synergistic integration with other soil amendments, and deepen the understanding of its role in advancing sustainable agricultural practices. By elucidating biochar’s rhizosphere-modulating mechanisms and interactions under concurrent stresses, this review highlights its potential to enhance crop resilience and productivity amidst escalating environmental pressures.