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<p>This study elucidates the synergistic regulatory mechanisms of biochar-amended chicken manure and mushroom residue compost (BCM) on soil microbial communities and nutrient cycling in the extra-rhizosphere, while evaluating its potential for sustainable agricultural waste recycling. Methods: We conducted a 50-day composting trial using five biochar application rates (0–7%). Assessed parameters included compost maturity (C/N ratio), nutrient content (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N, available phosphorus [AP], soil organic matter [SOM]), phosphatase and catalase activities, microbial community composition, and metabolic pathways. We performed Redundancy analysis (RDA) to correlate SOM/AP dynamics with microbial diversity and functional pathways. Results: At 5–7% biochar, compost maturity improved significantly, with C/N ratios of 15.6–18.2 and 2.2-4.0-fold increases in NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N (1.41&#xa0;mg/g), AP (50.09&#xa0;mg/kg), and SOM (166.11&#xa0;g/kg). Enzymatic activities (phosphatase: 9.81&#xa0;mg/g·24&#xa0;h; catalase: 83.08 µmol/g·24&#xa0;h) correlated strongly with SOM/AP (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.71–0.82). Biochar enriched <i>Proteobacteria</i> (34.1%) and <i>Actinobacteriota</i> (15.2%), suppressed <i>Halophiles</i> (<i>Halomonas</i> reduced by 52%), and enhanced carbon metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. RDA identified SOM/AP as a key driver of microbial diversity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.91). The 5% biochar dose optimized nutrient retention (37–59% increases in AP, Available potassium [AK], NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>-N) while maintaining microbial diversity, outperforming higher doses. Conclusions: This study demonstrates biochar’s dual role in reshaping extra-rhizosphere microbial ecology and nutrient dynamics, offering a precision agriculture strategy for sustainable waste recycling and circular economy practices. The 5% biochar dosage proved optimal, enhancing nutrient cycling and microbial activity while mitigating halophilic microbial suppression.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biochar-Amended Composting Transforms Chicken Manure Waste Into a Resource: Enhancing Extra-Rhizosphere Soil Fertility and Shaping Microbial Communities

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月24日

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  • Longjun Chen,
  • Haiping Fan,
  • Lulong Zhong,
  • Yuncai Wang,
  • Cheng Chen,
  • Xin Chen,
  • Yanping Chen,
  • Jiaolin Zhang,
  • Yu Lin

摘要

This study elucidates the synergistic regulatory mechanisms of biochar-amended chicken manure and mushroom residue compost (BCM) on soil microbial communities and nutrient cycling in the extra-rhizosphere, while evaluating its potential for sustainable agricultural waste recycling. Methods: We conducted a 50-day composting trial using five biochar application rates (0–7%). Assessed parameters included compost maturity (C/N ratio), nutrient content (NO3−-N, available phosphorus [AP], soil organic matter [SOM]), phosphatase and catalase activities, microbial community composition, and metabolic pathways. We performed Redundancy analysis (RDA) to correlate SOM/AP dynamics with microbial diversity and functional pathways. Results: At 5–7% biochar, compost maturity improved significantly, with C/N ratios of 15.6–18.2 and 2.2-4.0-fold increases in NO3−-N (1.41 mg/g), AP (50.09 mg/kg), and SOM (166.11 g/kg). Enzymatic activities (phosphatase: 9.81 mg/g·24 h; catalase: 83.08 µmol/g·24 h) correlated strongly with SOM/AP (R2 = 0.71–0.82). Biochar enriched Proteobacteria (34.1%) and Actinobacteriota (15.2%), suppressed Halophiles (Halomonas reduced by 52%), and enhanced carbon metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. RDA identified SOM/AP as a key driver of microbial diversity (R2 = 0.91). The 5% biochar dose optimized nutrient retention (37–59% increases in AP, Available potassium [AK], NO3−-N) while maintaining microbial diversity, outperforming higher doses. Conclusions: This study demonstrates biochar’s dual role in reshaping extra-rhizosphere microbial ecology and nutrient dynamics, offering a precision agriculture strategy for sustainable waste recycling and circular economy practices. The 5% biochar dosage proved optimal, enhancing nutrient cycling and microbial activity while mitigating halophilic microbial suppression.

Graphical Abstract