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<p>This study employs dose-response modeling to identify the stimulatory and inhibitory concentration thresholds of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs) for wheat germination, early seedling growth, and soil microbial communities, guiding their sustainable agricultural use. Wheat seeds were primed with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs (20–1000&#xa0;mg L⁻¹), and germination was assessed over 7 days. Soil applications of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs (20–1000&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹) were used to evaluate plant growth and microbial responses, including microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), and metabolic quotient (qCO<sub>2</sub>). Low Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NP concentrations (≤ 50&#xa0;mg L⁻¹) had minimal effects on germination, while higher doses led to a decrease in the germination index. Soil application of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs increased shoot iron concentration by up to 56%. Moderate Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs levels enhanced shoot biomass and chlorophyll, with optimal enhancement at 120 and 170&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Plant height also initially increased by up to 15% (peaking at 72&#xa0;mg Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs kg⁻¹ soil) but dropped by 50% at 700&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹. MBC declined significantly above 80&#xa0;mg Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs kg⁻¹ soil, accompanied by increased BR and qCO<sub>2</sub>, indicating microbial stress. Overall, optimal plant responses were observed between 70 and 170&#xa0;mg Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs kg⁻¹ soil, while microbial thresholds were lower, suggesting trade-offs at higher doses. In conclusion, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs offer agricultural benefits when used judiciously. Application rates of ≤ 80&#xa0;mg Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-NPs kg⁻¹ soil balance improved plant growth with minimal adverse effects on soil microbes, supporting their cautious integration into sustainable fertilization strategies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Stimulatory And Inhibitory Effects of Magnetite Nanoparticles On Wheat Seed Germination, Seedling Growth, and Rhizosphere Microbial Community: A Dose-response Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Negin Abazari,
  • Mehran Shirvani,
  • Banafsheh Khalili,
  • Mehdi Bazarganipour

摘要

This study employs dose-response modeling to identify the stimulatory and inhibitory concentration thresholds of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) for wheat germination, early seedling growth, and soil microbial communities, guiding their sustainable agricultural use. Wheat seeds were primed with Fe3O4-NPs (20–1000 mg L⁻¹), and germination was assessed over 7 days. Soil applications of Fe3O4-NPs (20–1000 mg kg⁻¹) were used to evaluate plant growth and microbial responses, including microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), and metabolic quotient (qCO2). Low Fe3O4-NP concentrations (≤ 50 mg L⁻¹) had minimal effects on germination, while higher doses led to a decrease in the germination index. Soil application of Fe3O4-NPs increased shoot iron concentration by up to 56%. Moderate Fe3O4-NPs levels enhanced shoot biomass and chlorophyll, with optimal enhancement at 120 and 170 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Plant height also initially increased by up to 15% (peaking at 72 mg Fe3O4-NPs kg⁻¹ soil) but dropped by 50% at 700 mg kg⁻¹. MBC declined significantly above 80 mg Fe3O4-NPs kg⁻¹ soil, accompanied by increased BR and qCO2, indicating microbial stress. Overall, optimal plant responses were observed between 70 and 170 mg Fe3O4-NPs kg⁻¹ soil, while microbial thresholds were lower, suggesting trade-offs at higher doses. In conclusion, Fe3O4-NPs offer agricultural benefits when used judiciously. Application rates of ≤ 80 mg Fe3O4-NPs kg⁻¹ soil balance improved plant growth with minimal adverse effects on soil microbes, supporting their cautious integration into sustainable fertilization strategies.

Graphical Abstract