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Purpose <p>Fertilization is a globally recognized agricultural management practice aimed at enhancing crop productivity and maintaining soil health. However, the effects of long-term fertilization on functional soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions, the activities of carbon (C)-hydrolyzing enzymes, and their influence on C sequestration in brown soils remain largely unexplored.</p> Methods <p>The effects of these fertilization regimes on SOC fractions and enzyme activities were examined over a 44-year field experiment in Northeast China. Specifically, six fertilization treatments were studied: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilization (NPK), manure alone at 13.5 and 27 t ha<sup>−1</sup> (M and HM), and combinations with chemical fertilizer (MNPK and HMNPK).</p> Results <p>Primary carbon sequestration under long-term fertilization was observed in the unprotected coarse particulate organic carbon (cPOC), physically protected micro-aggregate (µAgg), and intra-microaggregate particulate organic carbon (iPOC) fractions, accounting for 29.6–77.2%, 42.6–64.8%, and 12.5–28.1% of the total SOC content, respectively. The HMNPK treatment significantly increased the SOC content in the cPOC (381%), iPOC (201%), and µAgg (170.4%) fractions compared to the control. Additionally, the percentage increases in cPOC, µAgg, and iPOC relative to total SOC were 116%, 77%, and 35%, respectively. The β-cellobiohydrolase (CBH) activity, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), and available potassium (AK) contents were highest under HMNPK, while the activities of β-glucoside (BG), β-xylosidase (XYL) and pH value were highest under HM. The protected SOC fractions (physically, chemically, physico-chemically and physico-biochemically protected) were found to be associated with C-hydrolyzing enzymes and soil properties. Manure application had a direct positive effect on physically protected SOC and an indirect effect on physico-biochemically, physico-chemically, and chemically protected SOC through modifications in soil properties and C-hydrolyzing enzymes.</p> Conclusion <p>These results indicate that manure addition may serve as an effective strategy for enhancing soil properties, enzyme activities, and functional carbon pools in long-term crop rotation systems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Response of Brown Soil Functional Organic Carbon Pools and Enzyme Activities To 44-year Manure Application Under a Maize-maize-soybean Rotation System in Northeast China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月29日

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  • Junmei Shi,
  • Zonglin Lu,
  • Tong Lu,
  • Shixin Hu,
  • Zhengchao Wu,
  • Yanru Yang,
  • Jinfeng Yang,
  • Xiaori Han

摘要

Purpose

Fertilization is a globally recognized agricultural management practice aimed at enhancing crop productivity and maintaining soil health. However, the effects of long-term fertilization on functional soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions, the activities of carbon (C)-hydrolyzing enzymes, and their influence on C sequestration in brown soils remain largely unexplored.

Methods

The effects of these fertilization regimes on SOC fractions and enzyme activities were examined over a 44-year field experiment in Northeast China. Specifically, six fertilization treatments were studied: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilization (NPK), manure alone at 13.5 and 27 t ha−1 (M and HM), and combinations with chemical fertilizer (MNPK and HMNPK).

Results

Primary carbon sequestration under long-term fertilization was observed in the unprotected coarse particulate organic carbon (cPOC), physically protected micro-aggregate (µAgg), and intra-microaggregate particulate organic carbon (iPOC) fractions, accounting for 29.6–77.2%, 42.6–64.8%, and 12.5–28.1% of the total SOC content, respectively. The HMNPK treatment significantly increased the SOC content in the cPOC (381%), iPOC (201%), and µAgg (170.4%) fractions compared to the control. Additionally, the percentage increases in cPOC, µAgg, and iPOC relative to total SOC were 116%, 77%, and 35%, respectively. The β-cellobiohydrolase (CBH) activity, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), and available potassium (AK) contents were highest under HMNPK, while the activities of β-glucoside (BG), β-xylosidase (XYL) and pH value were highest under HM. The protected SOC fractions (physically, chemically, physico-chemically and physico-biochemically protected) were found to be associated with C-hydrolyzing enzymes and soil properties. Manure application had a direct positive effect on physically protected SOC and an indirect effect on physico-biochemically, physico-chemically, and chemically protected SOC through modifications in soil properties and C-hydrolyzing enzymes.

Conclusion

These results indicate that manure addition may serve as an effective strategy for enhancing soil properties, enzyme activities, and functional carbon pools in long-term crop rotation systems.

Graphical Abstract