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Aim <p>The study aimed to investigate the integrated effect of vermicompost (VC) and synthetic nitrogen on wheat (Zarghoon-2021) yield, nitrogen efficiency, and photosynthetic indices under different spatial arrangements for better resource utilization at the Cereal Crop Research Institute Pirsabak Nowshera.</p> Methods <p>The integrated nitrogen management (INM) levels deriving the recommended nitrogen in different proportions from VC and urea (i.e. INM0 = Control, INM1 = 100% VC, INM2 = 70% VC + 30% urea, INM3 = 50% VC + 50% urea) were assigned to the plots as first factor, and different spatial geometries (Random-planting, parallel rows, W shaped and diamond-shaped) as the second factor.</p> Results <p>The outcomes revealed that INM2 and INM3 under W and diamond-shaped planting showed improved yield, its components, and total nitrogen uptake of wheat. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NutE) was highest in random planting under INM2 and INM3. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NuptE) was improved by all INM levels, with diamond-shaped planting performing best. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was highest in control plots, with no significant differences among spatial geometries. Partial factor productivity (PFP) was maximized with INM2 and INM3 under diamond-shaped planting. N recovery efficiency (REx) was higher with INM2 and INM3 and was best under diamond-shaped planting. Leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance were highest with INM2 and INM3 and similarly, W and diamond-shaped plantings showed superior results. Radiation interception rate (IPAR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) were higher with INM2 and INM3. However, these levels decreased intracellular CO₂ concentration.</p> Conclusion <p>Thus, INM2 and INM3 effectively replace 100% synthetic N, boosting wheat production, nitrogen efficiency, and photosynthetic activity. Moreover, innovative spatial geometries like W and diamond-shaped planting improved nitrogen and light utilization and enhanced wheat yield compared to traditional planting methods. It is suggested to evaluate economical crops under INM practices and changing planting geometries for better resource utilization.</p>

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Improving Nitrogen Efficiency and Photosynthesis in Wheat Using integrated Nitrogen Management and Modified Geometry

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月3日

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  • Uzair Ahmed,
  • Muhammad Waseem Abbas,
  • Jalal Bayar,
  • Irshad Ali Khan,
  • Aneela Tahmeed,
  • Muhammad Mehran Anjum,
  • Nawab Ali,
  • Gul Roz Khan,
  • Hazrat Usman,
  • Mahmoud F. Seleiman

摘要

Aim

The study aimed to investigate the integrated effect of vermicompost (VC) and synthetic nitrogen on wheat (Zarghoon-2021) yield, nitrogen efficiency, and photosynthetic indices under different spatial arrangements for better resource utilization at the Cereal Crop Research Institute Pirsabak Nowshera.

Methods

The integrated nitrogen management (INM) levels deriving the recommended nitrogen in different proportions from VC and urea (i.e. INM0 = Control, INM1 = 100% VC, INM2 = 70% VC + 30% urea, INM3 = 50% VC + 50% urea) were assigned to the plots as first factor, and different spatial geometries (Random-planting, parallel rows, W shaped and diamond-shaped) as the second factor.

Results

The outcomes revealed that INM2 and INM3 under W and diamond-shaped planting showed improved yield, its components, and total nitrogen uptake of wheat. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NutE) was highest in random planting under INM2 and INM3. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NuptE) was improved by all INM levels, with diamond-shaped planting performing best. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was highest in control plots, with no significant differences among spatial geometries. Partial factor productivity (PFP) was maximized with INM2 and INM3 under diamond-shaped planting. N recovery efficiency (REx) was higher with INM2 and INM3 and was best under diamond-shaped planting. Leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance were highest with INM2 and INM3 and similarly, W and diamond-shaped plantings showed superior results. Radiation interception rate (IPAR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) were higher with INM2 and INM3. However, these levels decreased intracellular CO₂ concentration.

Conclusion

Thus, INM2 and INM3 effectively replace 100% synthetic N, boosting wheat production, nitrogen efficiency, and photosynthetic activity. Moreover, innovative spatial geometries like W and diamond-shaped planting improved nitrogen and light utilization and enhanced wheat yield compared to traditional planting methods. It is suggested to evaluate economical crops under INM practices and changing planting geometries for better resource utilization.