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<p>Aims: Prolonged drought and low rainfall have severely affected the rain-fed fig groves (<i>Ficus carica</i> L. ‘Sabz’) in the semi-arid Estahban region of Iran. Depletion of soil organic matter, exacerbated by rapid decomposition under hot, dry conditions, has reduced soil fertility and water retention, ultimately limiting fig productivity. This four-year field study (2021–2024) evaluated the effects of foliar-applied salicylic acid (SA), biochar, and their combination with biofertilizers on soil fertility, plant nutrition, water status, and yield in F. carica ‘Sabz’ orchards. Methods: A randomized complete block design was used with four SA concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mM) and three biochar-biofertilizer treatments: control, biochar alone (10&#xa0;kg tree⁻¹), and biochar combined with biofertilizers (10&#xa0;kg biochar + 500&#xa0;g mycorrhizal fungi + 500 mL bacterial inoculant + 100 mL fulvic acid and amino acids per tree). Biochar was produced by slow pyrolysis in a solar-powered stainless-steel chamber and applied via vertical trenching around each tree. Results: Biochar significantly improved soil water retention at 0–40, 40–80, and 80–120&#xa0;cm depths. The 1.0 mM SA + biochar + biofertilizer treatment markedly enhanced leaf nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, B), chlorophyll content, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and net CO₂ assimilation, leading to a significant increase in fruit yield. Mycorrhizal colonization exceeded 70% in inoculated treatments. These findings underscore the synergistic benefits of integrating biochemical and organic amendments to enhance drought resilience and sustain productivity in rain-fed fig orchards Conclusions: The combined application of 1.0 mM SA and biochar-based biofertilizers enriched with fulvic acid and amino acids was the most effective and economically viable strategy for improving soil moisture, nutrient uptake, and overall plant performance under semi-arid, rain-fed conditions.</p>

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Salicylic Acid and Biochar-Biofertilizer Improve Soil Fertility, Drought Tolerance, and Fig Yield in a Semi-Arid Region

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月14日

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  • Mohammad Saeed Tadayon,
  • Seyed Majid Mousavi,
  • Seyed Mashaallah Hosseini

摘要

Aims: Prolonged drought and low rainfall have severely affected the rain-fed fig groves (Ficus carica L. ‘Sabz’) in the semi-arid Estahban region of Iran. Depletion of soil organic matter, exacerbated by rapid decomposition under hot, dry conditions, has reduced soil fertility and water retention, ultimately limiting fig productivity. This four-year field study (2021–2024) evaluated the effects of foliar-applied salicylic acid (SA), biochar, and their combination with biofertilizers on soil fertility, plant nutrition, water status, and yield in F. carica ‘Sabz’ orchards. Methods: A randomized complete block design was used with four SA concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mM) and three biochar-biofertilizer treatments: control, biochar alone (10 kg tree⁻¹), and biochar combined with biofertilizers (10 kg biochar + 500 g mycorrhizal fungi + 500 mL bacterial inoculant + 100 mL fulvic acid and amino acids per tree). Biochar was produced by slow pyrolysis in a solar-powered stainless-steel chamber and applied via vertical trenching around each tree. Results: Biochar significantly improved soil water retention at 0–40, 40–80, and 80–120 cm depths. The 1.0 mM SA + biochar + biofertilizer treatment markedly enhanced leaf nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, B), chlorophyll content, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and net CO₂ assimilation, leading to a significant increase in fruit yield. Mycorrhizal colonization exceeded 70% in inoculated treatments. These findings underscore the synergistic benefits of integrating biochemical and organic amendments to enhance drought resilience and sustain productivity in rain-fed fig orchards Conclusions: The combined application of 1.0 mM SA and biochar-based biofertilizers enriched with fulvic acid and amino acids was the most effective and economically viable strategy for improving soil moisture, nutrient uptake, and overall plant performance under semi-arid, rain-fed conditions.