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<p>Microbial and enzyme activities play a significant role in influencing the soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, and are highly responsive to variations in land cover types. A comprehensive examination of these factors is essential for developing a thorough understanding of the impacts of different land cover types on climate change dynamics. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the effects of various land covers, such as hornbeam-iron (natural forest), alder-maple (mixed), pure alder, and pure maple plantations serving as restoration areas, as well as degraded forest, on forest floor (FF) characteristics, soil properties, and microbial and enzyme activities in the Hyrcanian forest. Sixteen FF and soil samples (30 × 30 × 10&#xa0;cm) were collected for each land cover by excavating four soil profiles along four parallel transects within the central region of each study area. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on FF and soil variables. PCA was conducted on FF and soil variables, identifying two principal components that explain more than 80% of the total variance. The PCA revealed two distinct drivers of microbial and enzymatic activity, discernible by their preference for specific soil and FF attributes. Group 1 could emulate conditions conducive to high soil fertility observed in natural forest, mixed, and alder plantations, demonstrating elevated levels of soil microbial and enzymatic activity. In contrast, Group 2 characterized sites with inferior FF quality and lowered levels of soil microbial and enzymatic activity, contributing to diminished soil fertility in degraded areas and maple plantations. Our study underscores the critical importance of preserving natural forests and suggests the use of diverse tree species, nitrogen-fixing plants, and appropriate native broadleaf species for the restoration of degraded natural forests, with a focus on soil conservation and climate change mitigation.</p>

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Alterations in Microbial and Enzymatic Actions by the Organic and Mineral Characteristics of Hyrcanian Forest Topsoil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月21日

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  • Lida Naddaf Fard,
  • Mahdi Ramezani,
  • Katayoun Haghverdi,
  • Nematollah Khorasani,
  • Amir Homan Hemmasì

摘要

Microbial and enzyme activities play a significant role in influencing the soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, and are highly responsive to variations in land cover types. A comprehensive examination of these factors is essential for developing a thorough understanding of the impacts of different land cover types on climate change dynamics. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the effects of various land covers, such as hornbeam-iron (natural forest), alder-maple (mixed), pure alder, and pure maple plantations serving as restoration areas, as well as degraded forest, on forest floor (FF) characteristics, soil properties, and microbial and enzyme activities in the Hyrcanian forest. Sixteen FF and soil samples (30 × 30 × 10 cm) were collected for each land cover by excavating four soil profiles along four parallel transects within the central region of each study area. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on FF and soil variables. PCA was conducted on FF and soil variables, identifying two principal components that explain more than 80% of the total variance. The PCA revealed two distinct drivers of microbial and enzymatic activity, discernible by their preference for specific soil and FF attributes. Group 1 could emulate conditions conducive to high soil fertility observed in natural forest, mixed, and alder plantations, demonstrating elevated levels of soil microbial and enzymatic activity. In contrast, Group 2 characterized sites with inferior FF quality and lowered levels of soil microbial and enzymatic activity, contributing to diminished soil fertility in degraded areas and maple plantations. Our study underscores the critical importance of preserving natural forests and suggests the use of diverse tree species, nitrogen-fixing plants, and appropriate native broadleaf species for the restoration of degraded natural forests, with a focus on soil conservation and climate change mitigation.