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<p>Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a pharmacological agent used in the treatment of malaria, autoimmune diseases, and COVID-19. HCQ has been hypothesized to have adverse effects in insects. To test this hypothesis, first-instar larvae of the fruit fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) were fed artificial diets containing 400, 800, and 1600&#xa0;mg/L HCQ. The effects of HCQ on the survival rate and the developmental time of different developmental stages of <i>D. melanogaster</i> (third-instar larvae, pupae, and adults) were investigated. The HCQ concentrations used in the study significantly reduced the survival rates of the insects at all developmental stages compared to the control. While the survival rate of larvae reaching the third-instar in the control was 96.25 ± 1.08%, this rate decreased to 15.00 ± 1.76% at the highest dietary concentration of HCQ (1600&#xa0;mg/L). In addition, at this concentration the time to reach the adult stage was significantly extended compared to the control, from 8.95 ± 0.04 days to 10.75 ± 0.41 days. This is the first demonstration of the effects of HCQ on insect life history parameters. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that dietary HCQ significantly impairs the survival and development of <i>D. melanogaster</i> in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that <i>D. melanogaster</i> serves as a suitable and sensitive model for investigating the toxicity of pharmaceuticals such as HCQ on insects. The present study provides a critical foundation for future studies on the biochemical mechanisms of HCQ-induced toxicity and offer a new perspective on utilizing pharmaceutical by-products against fruit flies.</p>

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Impact of dietary hydroxychloroquine on model insect Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) life history: changes in survival rate and developmental time

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Cihat Çelik

摘要

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a pharmacological agent used in the treatment of malaria, autoimmune diseases, and COVID-19. HCQ has been hypothesized to have adverse effects in insects. To test this hypothesis, first-instar larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) were fed artificial diets containing 400, 800, and 1600 mg/L HCQ. The effects of HCQ on the survival rate and the developmental time of different developmental stages of D. melanogaster (third-instar larvae, pupae, and adults) were investigated. The HCQ concentrations used in the study significantly reduced the survival rates of the insects at all developmental stages compared to the control. While the survival rate of larvae reaching the third-instar in the control was 96.25 ± 1.08%, this rate decreased to 15.00 ± 1.76% at the highest dietary concentration of HCQ (1600 mg/L). In addition, at this concentration the time to reach the adult stage was significantly extended compared to the control, from 8.95 ± 0.04 days to 10.75 ± 0.41 days. This is the first demonstration of the effects of HCQ on insect life history parameters. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that dietary HCQ significantly impairs the survival and development of D. melanogaster in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that D. melanogaster serves as a suitable and sensitive model for investigating the toxicity of pharmaceuticals such as HCQ on insects. The present study provides a critical foundation for future studies on the biochemical mechanisms of HCQ-induced toxicity and offer a new perspective on utilizing pharmaceutical by-products against fruit flies.