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<p>Sustainable control of destructive pests such as the tomato leafminer (<i>Tuta absoluta</i>) requires effective plant-based insecticides. This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of <i>Thymus fontanesii</i> essential oil (TEO) and the performance of its oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NET) against third-instar <i>T. absoluta</i> larvae. The TEO was extracted and characterized by GC-MS, revealing a thymol-rich chemotype (47.12%). A stable nanoemulsion was produced by high-energy ultrasonication, exhibiting an average droplet size of 110.3&#xa0;nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.339, and a zeta potential of + 68.2 mV, indicating robust colloidal stability. Larvicidal activity was assessed through topical bioassays by estimating lethal doses (LD50, LD90) and lethal times (LT50, LT90​). The crude TEO showed toxicity with an LD50​ of 0.288 µg/mg larva, while the nanoemulsion exhibited a comparable toxicity (LD50= 0.199 µg/mg larva) but with a much faster onset of action (LT50 = 12.81 h for NET vs. 28.91 h for TEO). This suggests that nano-emulsification enhances the biological performance of the oil by optimizing its delivery and stability rather than modifying its intrinsic toxicity. The high thymol content highlights T. fontanesii oil as a promising natural insecticidal source. Nanoemulsification converts the volatile, hydrophobic oil into a stable, water-dispersible system, facilitating its practical application. Overall, the T. fontanesii nanoemulsion represents a technologically advantageous formulation for sustainable tomato pest management.</p>

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Larvicidal efficacy of a Thymus fontanesii essential oil nanoemulsion against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta.”

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Leila Mohammed Ali,
  • Leila Allal Benfekih,
  • Nabila Ayachi,
  • Berrekia Missoum,
  • Rachid Ameraoui

摘要

Sustainable control of destructive pests such as the tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) requires effective plant-based insecticides. This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of Thymus fontanesii essential oil (TEO) and the performance of its oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NET) against third-instar T. absoluta larvae. The TEO was extracted and characterized by GC-MS, revealing a thymol-rich chemotype (47.12%). A stable nanoemulsion was produced by high-energy ultrasonication, exhibiting an average droplet size of 110.3 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.339, and a zeta potential of + 68.2 mV, indicating robust colloidal stability. Larvicidal activity was assessed through topical bioassays by estimating lethal doses (LD50, LD90) and lethal times (LT50, LT90​). The crude TEO showed toxicity with an LD50​ of 0.288 µg/mg larva, while the nanoemulsion exhibited a comparable toxicity (LD50= 0.199 µg/mg larva) but with a much faster onset of action (LT50 = 12.81 h for NET vs. 28.91 h for TEO). This suggests that nano-emulsification enhances the biological performance of the oil by optimizing its delivery and stability rather than modifying its intrinsic toxicity. The high thymol content highlights T. fontanesii oil as a promising natural insecticidal source. Nanoemulsification converts the volatile, hydrophobic oil into a stable, water-dispersible system, facilitating its practical application. Overall, the T. fontanesii nanoemulsion represents a technologically advantageous formulation for sustainable tomato pest management.