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<p><i>Croton tiglium</i> is a medicinally important species rich in bioactive phytochemicals, yet its potential for nanoparticle based pest and pathogen management remains unexplored. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were functionalized using <i>C. tiglium</i> leaf extract, and their physicochemical properties, antibacterial activity, and insecticidal effects were evaluated. X-ray diffraction confirmed phase-pure hexagonal wurtzite ZnO with intense reflections, particularly at the (101) plane, while SEM revealed the morphology and nanoscale structure of the nanoparticles. FTIR spectra revealed functional groups associated with plant-derived biomolecules. The synthesized ZnO-NPs exhibited strong, dose-dependent antibacterial activity against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>. Growth curves and agar well-diffusion assays showed suppression of bacterial propagation. In <i>Plagiodera versicolora</i>, ZnO-NPs exposure caused progressive disorganization and necrosis of the midgut epithelium. Dose dependent reduction in beetle survival was observed. LC₅₀ values declined from 24&#xa0;h to 192&#xa0;h, with a similar decrease in LC₉₀ values. These findings demonstrate that <i>C. tiglium</i> mediated ZnO-NPs are effective insecticidal and antibacterial agents, which can be used as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional antibiotics and insecticides.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Insecticidal and antibacterial potential of Croton tiglium functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Arshad Ali,
  • Ali Hassan,
  • Imran Afzal,
  • Hammad Hassan,
  • Kirshan Chand,
  • Hafiz Muhammad Usman,
  • Xiaolong Liu,
  • Min Lu

摘要

Croton tiglium is a medicinally important species rich in bioactive phytochemicals, yet its potential for nanoparticle based pest and pathogen management remains unexplored. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were functionalized using C. tiglium leaf extract, and their physicochemical properties, antibacterial activity, and insecticidal effects were evaluated. X-ray diffraction confirmed phase-pure hexagonal wurtzite ZnO with intense reflections, particularly at the (101) plane, while SEM revealed the morphology and nanoscale structure of the nanoparticles. FTIR spectra revealed functional groups associated with plant-derived biomolecules. The synthesized ZnO-NPs exhibited strong, dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Enterobacter cloacae. Growth curves and agar well-diffusion assays showed suppression of bacterial propagation. In Plagiodera versicolora, ZnO-NPs exposure caused progressive disorganization and necrosis of the midgut epithelium. Dose dependent reduction in beetle survival was observed. LC₅₀ values declined from 24 h to 192 h, with a similar decrease in LC₉₀ values. These findings demonstrate that C. tiglium mediated ZnO-NPs are effective insecticidal and antibacterial agents, which can be used as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional antibiotics and insecticides.

Graphical abstract