<p>This study identified social and environmental factors affecting the distribution, abundance, and species richness of anthropophilic mosquitoes in an urban area (Mérida city) and in a rural area (San Antonio Tedzidz village), both located in Yucatán State, Mexico. Mosquito collection and face-to-face social surveys were conducted to identify relationships between mosquito populations and range of numerical and categorical socio-environmental factors. The results revealed significant differences between urban and rural localities for 11 numerical factors and six categorical factors. Nine numerical factors were associated with mosquito abundance and species richness. Among the social factors, the frequency of waste collection had a significant impact on mosquito populations. Environmental factors, including the number of unscreened and screened windows and doors, constructed surface area, surrounding yard area, and the number of disposable and controllable water containers, also significantly influenced mosquito populations. In addition, five categorical environmental factors influenced significantly mosquito populations: locality, house construction material, roofing material, flooring material, and the presence of domestic and/or farm animals. These findings provide clear evidence of the complex relationships between mosquito abundance and socio-environmental factors, highlighting the dynamic interactions between mosquitoes and their environments in both urban and rural contexts.</p>