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<p>Rice, a staple food for half of the world's population, is threatened by several insect pests. Among them, rice hopper complex, infests all crop stages and can severely reduce yields, particularly in humid parts of India. Field surveys were conducted in five localities—Sundernagar, Shahpur, Nurpur (Zone I: sub-tropical low hills) and Palampur, Jogindernagar (Zone II: sub-humid mid hills) of Himachal Pradesh during 2022 and 2023. Sampling was performed using sweep-net method (five sweeps per plot) at three plots per location during four crop growth stages; tillering, booting, heading, and maturity. Each plot measured 3&#xa0;m × 2&#xa0;m and the entire field was surrounded by mixed cropping vegetation such as maize, pulses, and grasses with urad commonly grown on bunds. Sampling was conducted during cooler hours of the day (morning and evening) to ensure optimal hopper activity. The hopper catch included both adults and a few nymphs, though adults predominated due to their greater mobility. The study identified nine hopper species, with <i>Cofana spectra</i> exhibiting highest relative abundance and emerging as the eudominant species in Zone I, and dominant in Zone II followed by <i>Sogatella furcifera</i> and <i>Nephotettix nigropictus</i>. The species diversity and evenness was more in Zone II, while Zone I showed higher species richness. Peak species richness occurred during heading, with maximum diversity and evenness being observed at tillering stage. Population dynamics fluctuated across growth stages, with hopper count in 2022 being notably higher particularly in Shahpur. <i>S. furcifera</i> peaked with 8.00 hoppers/5 sweeps during tillering, <i>N. nigropictus</i> with 6.50 hoppers/5 sweeps during heading, and <i>C. spectra</i> with 11.31 hoppers/5 sweeps during the heading stage. This study offers ecological insights into hopper diversity and abundance that can inform pest monitoring and management strategies under natural farming systems in Himachal Pradesh.</p>

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Diversity and abundance of rice hopper complex under natural farming in Himachal Pradesh, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月8日

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  • Aarushi Sharma,
  • Pawan Kumar Sharma,
  • Prem Chand Sharma,
  • Ajay Sood,
  • Arun Kumar

摘要

Rice, a staple food for half of the world's population, is threatened by several insect pests. Among them, rice hopper complex, infests all crop stages and can severely reduce yields, particularly in humid parts of India. Field surveys were conducted in five localities—Sundernagar, Shahpur, Nurpur (Zone I: sub-tropical low hills) and Palampur, Jogindernagar (Zone II: sub-humid mid hills) of Himachal Pradesh during 2022 and 2023. Sampling was performed using sweep-net method (five sweeps per plot) at three plots per location during four crop growth stages; tillering, booting, heading, and maturity. Each plot measured 3 m × 2 m and the entire field was surrounded by mixed cropping vegetation such as maize, pulses, and grasses with urad commonly grown on bunds. Sampling was conducted during cooler hours of the day (morning and evening) to ensure optimal hopper activity. The hopper catch included both adults and a few nymphs, though adults predominated due to their greater mobility. The study identified nine hopper species, with Cofana spectra exhibiting highest relative abundance and emerging as the eudominant species in Zone I, and dominant in Zone II followed by Sogatella furcifera and Nephotettix nigropictus. The species diversity and evenness was more in Zone II, while Zone I showed higher species richness. Peak species richness occurred during heading, with maximum diversity and evenness being observed at tillering stage. Population dynamics fluctuated across growth stages, with hopper count in 2022 being notably higher particularly in Shahpur. S. furcifera peaked with 8.00 hoppers/5 sweeps during tillering, N. nigropictus with 6.50 hoppers/5 sweeps during heading, and C. spectra with 11.31 hoppers/5 sweeps during the heading stage. This study offers ecological insights into hopper diversity and abundance that can inform pest monitoring and management strategies under natural farming systems in Himachal Pradesh.