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<p><i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> have developed increasing resistance to insecticides due to exposure to insecticides used in rural and urban settings. However, insecticide resistance in <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> has not been previously studied in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan, to our knowledge. Hence, monitoring of insecticide resistance in this mosquito requires urgent attention. In order to facilitate the development of more effective integrated mosquito control strategies and public health protection, this study aimed to monitor insecticide resistance in <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> field populations collected from five different sites of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa against synthetic insecticides belonging to three major classes (organochlorine, organophosphate and pyrethroid). Susceptibility tests were conducted according to WHO bioassays using diagnostic doses; chlorpyrifos (0.01 mg L<sup>− 1</sup>), deltamethrin (0.05 mg L<sup>− 1</sup>), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.25 mg L<sup>− 1</sup>), and malathion (1 mg L<sup>− 1</sup>) for larval populations, and cypermethrin (0.1%), DDT (4%), and etofenprox (0.5%) for adult populations. Results of the susceptibility tests showed resistance to organochlorine, organophosphates, and pyrethroids in larvae and adults from five sites. Statistical analysis revealed significant difference between resistance status of populations across five sites (a strong statistically significant correlation between mortality rates of populations across five sites) when tested with each insecticide, with resistance were significantly high in urban sites, which experience higher insecticide exposure compared to rural sites. Moreover, within rural sites, resistance were significantly high in sites with more intensive agricultural practices compared to a rural site with minimal agricultural activity. All adult populations showed resistance to DDT, etofenprox, and cypermethrin, with larval populations resistant to chlorpyrifos, malathion, and deltamethrin but variably susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin (fully susceptible from three sites and possibly resistant from two sites). These findings highlight the need for alternative control strategies to manage insecticide resistance effectively.</p>

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Insecticide resistance in the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: implications for mosquito control

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月28日

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  • Mirza Gul,
  • Muhammad Zahid,
  • Muhammad Zahoor

摘要

Culex quinquefasciatus have developed increasing resistance to insecticides due to exposure to insecticides used in rural and urban settings. However, insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus has not been previously studied in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan, to our knowledge. Hence, monitoring of insecticide resistance in this mosquito requires urgent attention. In order to facilitate the development of more effective integrated mosquito control strategies and public health protection, this study aimed to monitor insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus field populations collected from five different sites of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa against synthetic insecticides belonging to three major classes (organochlorine, organophosphate and pyrethroid). Susceptibility tests were conducted according to WHO bioassays using diagnostic doses; chlorpyrifos (0.01 mg L− 1), deltamethrin (0.05 mg L− 1), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.25 mg L− 1), and malathion (1 mg L− 1) for larval populations, and cypermethrin (0.1%), DDT (4%), and etofenprox (0.5%) for adult populations. Results of the susceptibility tests showed resistance to organochlorine, organophosphates, and pyrethroids in larvae and adults from five sites. Statistical analysis revealed significant difference between resistance status of populations across five sites (a strong statistically significant correlation between mortality rates of populations across five sites) when tested with each insecticide, with resistance were significantly high in urban sites, which experience higher insecticide exposure compared to rural sites. Moreover, within rural sites, resistance were significantly high in sites with more intensive agricultural practices compared to a rural site with minimal agricultural activity. All adult populations showed resistance to DDT, etofenprox, and cypermethrin, with larval populations resistant to chlorpyrifos, malathion, and deltamethrin but variably susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin (fully susceptible from three sites and possibly resistant from two sites). These findings highlight the need for alternative control strategies to manage insecticide resistance effectively.