Acaricidal efficacy of latex of Calotrops procera (sodom apple) against Hyalomma anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae)
摘要
Ticks are important ectoparasites of livestock. Besides the transmission of diseases, they cause significant economic losses. The main method of tick control is chemical acaricides, however usage of chemicals has serious sequels, relevant to misapplication and intoxication to human and animal health, as well as affecting the whole environment. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of latex of Calotropis procera (Usher) against hard tick Hyalomma anatolicum. The latex of C. procera was prepared by using a freeze- drier device. The study used an egg hatchability test and the immersion method. The extract was tested in three replicates of 2, 4, and 8% concentrations, using distilled water as a solvent, which was applied as control and showed no significant effect on tick stages. The results were analyzed using SPSS 20. The highest concentration (8%) of latex of C. procera completely inhibited egg hatchability. All concentrations of latex of C. procera were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lethal to flat stages of H. anatolicum. The LC95 on flat stages of larvae, nymphs and adults was 6, 5.92 and 7.17, respectively. All concentrations of the latex exhibited a complete deleterious effect on larval- nymphal molting, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced molting of engorged nymphs and inhibited oviposition of the surviving engorged females. At the concentrations of 4% and 8%, C. procera significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited nymphal- adult moulting by 45.76 and 33.78%, respectively. Results of this study showed that, C. procera is a promising botanical acaricide against hard tick H. anatolicum.