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Purpose <p>ECG steganography technique used ECG signals as a carrier to provide a secure transmission channel. Achieving trade-offs among the steganography performance aspects, namely capacity, quality, robustness, and security, is still a challenging task. In this paper, an ECG steganography method is proposed to enhance the robustness and security of ECG steganography while maintaining the capacity and the transparency. Moreover, the method uncovers the embedding factors to tune the performance towards any aspect.</p> Method <p>This paper proposes an ECG steganography method based on multi-chaotic functions for randomly selecting the secret bits and cover samples and sample modulation for embedding in the time domain, which will be called ESMS. The dataset MIT-BIH arrhythmia and measurements, PSNR, NC, and PRD are used for the assessment of the performance of the proposed ESMS method.</p> Results <p>The results show enhancing the hiding capacity by about 40% that can be reached 100% with 44&#xa0;dB, 0.9998, and 1.69 of PSNR, NC, and PRD, respectively. The stego ECG signals of the ESMS method withstand an AWGN attack at 5&#xa0;dB with a hiding capacity of 100%, and PSNR, NC, and BER of 39.99, 0.9996, and 0.03, respectively, resist against the brute force attack and are sensitive to any slight changes in the secret key.</p> Conclusion <p>The performance results reveal that the ESMS method achieves a trade-off in terms of hiding capacity, robustness, and security while still managing to achieve acceptable ECG quality.</p>

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High hiding capacity, secure and robust ECG steganography method based on multi-chaotic and sample modulation in time domain

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月7日

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  • Ahmed Hussain Ali,
  • Ahmed A. AlSabhany,
  • Asaad F. Qasim,
  • Loay Edwar George

摘要

Purpose

ECG steganography technique used ECG signals as a carrier to provide a secure transmission channel. Achieving trade-offs among the steganography performance aspects, namely capacity, quality, robustness, and security, is still a challenging task. In this paper, an ECG steganography method is proposed to enhance the robustness and security of ECG steganography while maintaining the capacity and the transparency. Moreover, the method uncovers the embedding factors to tune the performance towards any aspect.

Method

This paper proposes an ECG steganography method based on multi-chaotic functions for randomly selecting the secret bits and cover samples and sample modulation for embedding in the time domain, which will be called ESMS. The dataset MIT-BIH arrhythmia and measurements, PSNR, NC, and PRD are used for the assessment of the performance of the proposed ESMS method.

Results

The results show enhancing the hiding capacity by about 40% that can be reached 100% with 44 dB, 0.9998, and 1.69 of PSNR, NC, and PRD, respectively. The stego ECG signals of the ESMS method withstand an AWGN attack at 5 dB with a hiding capacity of 100%, and PSNR, NC, and BER of 39.99, 0.9996, and 0.03, respectively, resist against the brute force attack and are sensitive to any slight changes in the secret key.

Conclusion

The performance results reveal that the ESMS method achieves a trade-off in terms of hiding capacity, robustness, and security while still managing to achieve acceptable ECG quality.