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<p>Since the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban was initially conceived in the late 1950s, science had a&#xa0;pivotal role in promoting and sustaining diplomatic progress towards the establishment of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). This role remains as the backbone of building up and provisionally operating the CTBT verification system. This paper reviews the past 70&#xa0;years of science in diplomacy and analyses the current situation to draw conclusions about the role of nuclear verification related science for treaty negotiations and implementation. The parallel development of the global verification system and the political conditions for the CTBT began with the Geneva Group of Experts in 1958, continued with the Group of Scientific Experts (GSE) from 1976 and mounted in the Working Group&#xa0;1 on verification during the CTBT negotiations from 1993 to 1996. It continues with Working Group&#xa0;B of the Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO and the global community of experts at National Data Centers (NDCs), research establishments, non-governmental organizations, and at the Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS). This paper draws conclusions on lessons learned from the long history and describes best practices for integrating scientific developments and applications into the policy process of negotiating, implementing, and sustaining the CTBT. It demonstrates with the example of the Group of Scientific and Technical Experts on Nuclear Disarmament Verification (GSTE-NDV) how these experiences can be applied to other areas of arms control.</p>

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International scientific cooperation on verification as backbone for nuclear arms control treaty negotiations and implementation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Martin B. Kalinowski

摘要

Since the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban was initially conceived in the late 1950s, science had a pivotal role in promoting and sustaining diplomatic progress towards the establishment of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). This role remains as the backbone of building up and provisionally operating the CTBT verification system. This paper reviews the past 70 years of science in diplomacy and analyses the current situation to draw conclusions about the role of nuclear verification related science for treaty negotiations and implementation. The parallel development of the global verification system and the political conditions for the CTBT began with the Geneva Group of Experts in 1958, continued with the Group of Scientific Experts (GSE) from 1976 and mounted in the Working Group 1 on verification during the CTBT negotiations from 1993 to 1996. It continues with Working Group B of the Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO and the global community of experts at National Data Centers (NDCs), research establishments, non-governmental organizations, and at the Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS). This paper draws conclusions on lessons learned from the long history and describes best practices for integrating scientific developments and applications into the policy process of negotiating, implementing, and sustaining the CTBT. It demonstrates with the example of the Group of Scientific and Technical Experts on Nuclear Disarmament Verification (GSTE-NDV) how these experiences can be applied to other areas of arms control.