<p>Cavitation rheology has rapidly established itself as a crucial methodology for probing the mechanical properties of soft materials and biological tissues. This review examines the method’s principles, techniques, and applications within the soft material mechanics domain. By addressing the inherent limitations of traditional bulk testing methods, cavitation rheology provides unparalleled precision in characterizing material responses. The discussion includes advancements in mathematical modeling and computational techniques that refine the interpretation of cavitation data, highlighting the synergy between experimental accuracy and theoretical modeling. We explore the integration of cavitation rheology with other biomechanical approaches, such as tensile testing and shear wave elastography, to demonstrate the methodology’s potential to link localized measurements with bulk mechanical properties. Tissue-specific applications, methodological challenges, and advancements in tissue engineering, oncology, and neurology are also assessed. This synthesis of recent progress emphasizes the transformative role of cavitation rheology in biomechanics, offering significant promise for both experimental and translational applications in diagnostics and therapeutics.</p>