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<p>Black pepper (<i>Piper nigrum</i> L.), a globally important spice, faces significant challenges due to its narrow genetic base, making it vulnerable to diseases, pests, and environmental stresses. This review explores recent biotechnological innovations and genetic improvement strategies that have enhanced black pepper cultivation, focusing on sustainability. Key tools, including micropropagation, protoplast culture, and molecular markers, have improved disease resistance, yield, and quality. For instance, tissue culture techniques have enabled efficient and disease-free plant multiplication, leading to superior fields in propagated plants. Advances in somaclonal variation, in vitro selection, and synthetic seed technology have facilitated the development of Phytophthora-resistant cultivars. Various molecular markers, such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), simple sequence repeats (SSR), single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), sequencing library analysis framework sequencing (SLAF-seq), ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq), insertion and deletions (InDels), restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq), genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), whole genome sequencing (WGS), alongside various genetic transformation techniques such as biolistics, microinjection, macroinjection, protoplast fusion, chemical methods, electrical methods, lipofection, and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, have enhanced genetic characterization and marker-assisted breeding programs. Despite significant progress, future research should prioritize expanding genetic diversity, optimizing biotechnological tools, and exploring cutting-edge techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9, to enhance sustainable black pepper cultivation in the face of climate change. The review also highlights the critical importance of conserving genetic resources and integrating sustainable agricultural practices to ensure the long-term viability of black pepper production. Integration of genetic and biotechnological methods has offered new perspectives for improving the black pepper crop for yield, disease resistance, and quality traits.</p>

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Biotechnological advances and genetic strategies for enhancing sustainable black pepper cultivation: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Luwangshangbam James Singh,
  • Boris Huirem,
  • Haobijam James Watt,
  • Devina Seram

摘要

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), a globally important spice, faces significant challenges due to its narrow genetic base, making it vulnerable to diseases, pests, and environmental stresses. This review explores recent biotechnological innovations and genetic improvement strategies that have enhanced black pepper cultivation, focusing on sustainability. Key tools, including micropropagation, protoplast culture, and molecular markers, have improved disease resistance, yield, and quality. For instance, tissue culture techniques have enabled efficient and disease-free plant multiplication, leading to superior fields in propagated plants. Advances in somaclonal variation, in vitro selection, and synthetic seed technology have facilitated the development of Phytophthora-resistant cultivars. Various molecular markers, such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), simple sequence repeats (SSR), single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), sequencing library analysis framework sequencing (SLAF-seq), ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq), insertion and deletions (InDels), restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq), genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), whole genome sequencing (WGS), alongside various genetic transformation techniques such as biolistics, microinjection, macroinjection, protoplast fusion, chemical methods, electrical methods, lipofection, and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, have enhanced genetic characterization and marker-assisted breeding programs. Despite significant progress, future research should prioritize expanding genetic diversity, optimizing biotechnological tools, and exploring cutting-edge techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9, to enhance sustainable black pepper cultivation in the face of climate change. The review also highlights the critical importance of conserving genetic resources and integrating sustainable agricultural practices to ensure the long-term viability of black pepper production. Integration of genetic and biotechnological methods has offered new perspectives for improving the black pepper crop for yield, disease resistance, and quality traits.