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<p>Plant based products rich in phytochemicals often serve as safer and cost-effective complementary to cure inflammation disorders unlike non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which have detrimental effects. Rhododendrons growing in high Himalayas have various ethnomedical claims including the anti-inflammatory properties. The flowers of <i>Rhododendron arboreum</i> Sm. (red-colored) are widely used to prepare wines and as additives in local foods and beverages, while leaves and flowers of other rhododendrons still remain underexplored in field of phytochemistry and metabolomics except a few species. This research aims to study the anti-inflammatory activity with a deeper insight into the metabolite profiles of leaf and flower extracts of three rhododendrons- <i>R. arboreum</i> ssp. <i>arboreum</i>,<i> R. arboreum</i> ssp. <i>cinnamomeum</i> and <i>R. grande</i>. In vitro anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation inhibition) assay, GC-MS analysis and docking analysis were carried out to fulfill the objectives. High anti-inflammatory potential was depicted by the sample extracts through in vitro analysis. Further, GC-MS confirmed the presence of phenolic compound i.e., quinic acid in flowers; while in leaves high peaks of terpenoids and phytosterols were detected as bioactive components responsible for anti-inflammatory activity. Key bioactive compounds with significant peak areas were selected for docking analysis based on their anticipated anti-inflammatory properties. When binding with hCOX proteins, ten out of sixteen docked ligands demonstrated better docking scores than ibuprofen, the best performing anti-inflammatory drug. The outcome of this research signifies rhododendron’s anti-inflammatory potential and suggests possible role of this plant as a source of drugs to treat various inflammation disorders.</p>

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Rhododendrons from Darjeeling Himalayas: a potential pool of anti-inflammatory compounds as detected by GC-MS, in silico and in vitro studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月30日

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  • Sarda Subba,
  • Soumya Majumder,
  • Malay Bhattacharya

摘要

Plant based products rich in phytochemicals often serve as safer and cost-effective complementary to cure inflammation disorders unlike non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which have detrimental effects. Rhododendrons growing in high Himalayas have various ethnomedical claims including the anti-inflammatory properties. The flowers of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (red-colored) are widely used to prepare wines and as additives in local foods and beverages, while leaves and flowers of other rhododendrons still remain underexplored in field of phytochemistry and metabolomics except a few species. This research aims to study the anti-inflammatory activity with a deeper insight into the metabolite profiles of leaf and flower extracts of three rhododendrons- R. arboreum ssp. arboreum, R. arboreum ssp. cinnamomeum and R. grande. In vitro anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation inhibition) assay, GC-MS analysis and docking analysis were carried out to fulfill the objectives. High anti-inflammatory potential was depicted by the sample extracts through in vitro analysis. Further, GC-MS confirmed the presence of phenolic compound i.e., quinic acid in flowers; while in leaves high peaks of terpenoids and phytosterols were detected as bioactive components responsible for anti-inflammatory activity. Key bioactive compounds with significant peak areas were selected for docking analysis based on their anticipated anti-inflammatory properties. When binding with hCOX proteins, ten out of sixteen docked ligands demonstrated better docking scores than ibuprofen, the best performing anti-inflammatory drug. The outcome of this research signifies rhododendron’s anti-inflammatory potential and suggests possible role of this plant as a source of drugs to treat various inflammation disorders.