<p>In the face of escalating climate change, food insecurity, and malnutrition, the integration of underutilized legumes into our food systems presents a promising path toward global food and nutritional security. Cluster bean (<i>Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</i>), an often-overlooked legume, offers remarkable potential due to its resilience to harsh environmental conditions and rich nutritional profile. The tender, edible pods are an excellent source of protein, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids—contributing significantly to antioxidant, pharmacological, and nutraceutical benefits. These properties not only enhance human health but also support disease prevention, making cluster bean a valuable functional food crop. This review explores the crop’s history, origin, domestication, ethnobotanical relevance, consumption patterns, genomic resources, and comprehensive nutritional and pharmacological attributes. By compiling current knowledge, we highlight the substantial promise of cluster bean as a climate-resilient crop with untapped commercial and dietary potential. Furthermore, the review identifies critical gaps in research and development-underscoring the need for intensified efforts in processing, value addition, and policy support to sustainably harness this legume for future food systems.</p>