Himalayan phytochemicals and their role as epigenetic modulating agents in cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders

Epigenetic dysregulation through DNA methylation of the promoter, chromatin remodelling via histone modifying enzymes, and miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing of target genes, for example, cell cycle regulators, signal transducers, transcription factors, nuclear receptors, and gene products for DNA repair and apoptosis, contribute to altered functions of the cells and ultimately cause disease or disorder. Numerous Himalayan medicinal plants have traditionally been recognised for treating various human diseases. Phytochemicals or bioactive agents isolated from these medicinal plants exhibit antioxidant activity, detoxification, anti-cancer activity, neuro-pharmacological activity, and immunity-potentiating properties. Thus, these phytochemicals effectively prevent various chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes and heart disease. This review paper highlights the potential roles and mode of action of Himalayan phytochemicals in targeting epigenetic alterations and discusses their potential for safety and clinical efficacy. Currently, very limited literature is available on the role of Himalayan phytochemicals and their role in epigenetic modulation.