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<p>This study investigates the biodegradability of shoe insoles made from natural rubber (NR) latex foam, aiming to support sustainable material development and reduce the environmental impact of the footwear industry. The shoe insoles were fabricated using two grades of NR latex: high-ammonia natural rubber (HANR) latex and deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) latex. The biodegradability of these shoe insoles was assessed over six months through laboratory-scale soil burial tests under controlled conditions. The evaluation focused on changes in surface morphology, physical property deterioration, weight loss percentage, and chemical structure degradation. After six months of burial, HANR exhibited a 42% reduction in tensile strength, while DPNR showed a 26% reduction, indicating significant physical deterioration. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed surface degradation at various regions of the insoles, including the upper surface, cross-section, and bottom layer. The weight loss for HANR and DPNR latex foams was approximately 7 ± 0.2% and 5 ± 0.3%, respectively. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed chemical changes, including the transformation of secondary amides into primary amides and a reduction in primary alcohol groups. These results demonstrate that both HANR and DPNR latex foam insoles undergo physical and chemical degradation, confirming their biodegradability under controlled laboratory-scale soil burial conditions.</p>

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Study on the biodegradability of natural rubber latex foam shoe insoles via laboratory-scale soil burial tests

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Ruslimie Che Ali,
  • Roslim Ramli,
  • Shabinah Filza Mohd Sharib,
  • Norhanifah Mohd Yazid,
  • Asrul Mustafa

摘要

This study investigates the biodegradability of shoe insoles made from natural rubber (NR) latex foam, aiming to support sustainable material development and reduce the environmental impact of the footwear industry. The shoe insoles were fabricated using two grades of NR latex: high-ammonia natural rubber (HANR) latex and deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) latex. The biodegradability of these shoe insoles was assessed over six months through laboratory-scale soil burial tests under controlled conditions. The evaluation focused on changes in surface morphology, physical property deterioration, weight loss percentage, and chemical structure degradation. After six months of burial, HANR exhibited a 42% reduction in tensile strength, while DPNR showed a 26% reduction, indicating significant physical deterioration. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed surface degradation at various regions of the insoles, including the upper surface, cross-section, and bottom layer. The weight loss for HANR and DPNR latex foams was approximately 7 ± 0.2% and 5 ± 0.3%, respectively. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed chemical changes, including the transformation of secondary amides into primary amides and a reduction in primary alcohol groups. These results demonstrate that both HANR and DPNR latex foam insoles undergo physical and chemical degradation, confirming their biodegradability under controlled laboratory-scale soil burial conditions.